Эссе на тему: "Human activity is communication"

TOC \o "1-3" \h \z \u Introduction PAGEREF _Toc2522775 \h 2The concept and structure of intercultural communication PAGEREF _Toc2522776 \h 3Ways to optimize intercultural communication PAGEREF _Toc2522777 \h 7Conclusion PAGEREF _Toc2522778 \h 10Bibliography PAGEREF _Toc2522779 \h 12
IntroductionOne of the most important factors of human activity is communication. This is a complex and multifaceted process that can act simultaneously as a process of interaction between individuals, as people's attitude towards each other, as a process of their mutual influence, empathy and mutual understanding [11].
Along with the concept of “communication”, the term “communication” is currently used. Many scientists, such as L.S. Vygotsky, A.A. Leont'ev identify these two concepts based on their etymological and semantic relatedness.
Currently, many researchers are talking about intercultural communication. Intercultural communication is understood as “adequate mutual understanding between two participants in a communicative act belonging to different national cultures” [3].
In this paper we will try to solve the following problems:
- determine the nature and structure of intercultural communication;
- identify ways to optimize intercultural communication.
The concept and structure of intercultural communicationCurrently, due to the increasing interest in the languages ​​and culture of different peoples, intercultural communication is one of the main positions in public life.
Let us turn to the definition of the concept of “intercultural communication”. American scientists L. Samovar and R. Porter define intercultural communication as “a type of communication, the failure of which was largely determined by cultural differences between communicators” [8].
The point of view of American researchers is shared by the domestic researcher M. B. Bergelson, who believes that "culturally determined differences lead to a special kind of communication, called intercultural, in which communicants from different cultures use special language variations and discursive strategies by direct contact" [2].
Other domestic researchers EM. Vereshchagin and V.G. Kostomarov interpret intercultural communication in a slightly different way. The basis of their definition is mutual understanding. Intercultural communication, in the opinion of the above-mentioned scholars, is “an adequate mutual understanding of the two participants in a communicative act belonging to different national cultures” [3].
A.P. Sadokhin spoke about intercultural communication as follows: “This circumstance gave rise to representatives of the most diverse sciences a huge interest in the process of interaction and interaction of cultures, which was called“ intercultural communication ”[10].
Another researcher, L.K. Geikhman, considers intercultural communication through perception: “Intercultural communication should be understood as cultural variations in the perception of social phenomena and objects. This is a direct reminder that communication, even among those who share basic cultural patterns, is fundamentally colored by personal perception. What each person perceives (intrapersonal) affects (influences) what is happening between him and the other (interpersonal) ”[5].
It is obvious that all the above authors single out in their definitions a single sign. Scientists see different processes in intercultural communication, which indicates the versatility of this phenomenon.
In our opinion, intercultural communication is most fully characterized by T.G. Grushevitskaya, who believes that “intercultural communication should be considered as a combination of various forms of relations and communication between individuals and groups belonging to different cultures” [6].
As a multifaceted phenomenon, intercultural communication has its own structure. In our opinion, the structure of intercultural communication is most fully represented by V.V. Eremin.
First, intercultural communication can be represented in different types. T.G. Grushevitskaya distinguishes seven types at the level of micro-culture: inter-ethnic communication, counter-cultural communication, communication among social classes and groups, communication between demographic groups, communication between urban and rural residents, regional communication, communication in business culture [6].
Another component of the intercultural communication structure is the goal. The goal of intercultural communication can be formulated as establishing interaction based on mutual understanding and adaptation to the environment [8].
In the capacity of the next component, many researchers distinguish half-cultural communication, in which A.P. Sadokhin includes two elements: cultural-anthropological and linguistic [10].
Both elements of the field of intercultural communication have their content. The linguistic element includes, in fact, knowledge of the corresponding language, and cultural and anthropological - knowledge of the complex of forms of behavior, psychology, culture, history of their communication partners [10].
However, the content cannot be limited by knowledge. It is also necessary to emphasize the ability to use verbal and non-verbal means of expressing one's intentions in accordance with the traditions adopted in a particular culture, the ability to find mutual understanding with the interlocutor, taking into account his belonging to a native or foreign culture.
Intercultural communication has its own functions, including L.K. Geihman calls the following [5]:
- informational;
–Stimulating (catalyzing);
–Creative;
–Cognitive;
–Confirming.
Another component of intercultural communication, functional areas, is closely related to functions. They were highlighted in particular by MB Bergelson and among them are: interpersonal, social, public, intergroup, professional, the sphere of mass communication and communication in small groups [2].
The next component is the contact form, the largest list of which is given by A.P. Sadokhin: participation in international political, economic and professional organizations, international forums and conferences, work in multinational companies, study abroad, tourism [11].
M. B. Bergelson notes that the concept of intercultural communication has expanded to such areas as translation theory, teaching foreign languages, comparative cultural studies, contrastive grammar, pedagogy, etc. [2].
Ways to optimize intercultural communicationAt present, most scientists agree that, even knowing the theory of a foreign language well, being a fairly sociable person, it is often difficult to achieve free communication with a foreign language interlocutor. The reason for this is the differences in the communicative behavior of people as representatives of different cultures. According to S. G. Ter-Minasova, “the most obvious examples of the collision of cultures are provided by real communication with foreigners, both in their own country and in their own. Such conflicts generate many curiosities, anecdotes, funny plots (“ours abroad”, “foreigners in Russia”, etc.), troubles, dramas, and even tragedies [14].
Traditionally, the following types of communication barriers that arise in the process of intercultural interaction are distinguished:
- language barriers;
- barriers to non-verbal communication;
- stereotypes as barriers in intercultural interactions;
- differences in value orientations [15].
In most cases, failures in intercultural communication are due to the fact that the participants of the communicative act build their behavior in accordance with the norms of their culture.
Each person as a cultural personality has a number of life rules, norms, values, orientations, and attitudes. Moreover, among representatives of different cultural communities, these rules, norms, values ​​are so different that in the process of communicative contact they can lead to simple misunderstanding and various conflict situations, as each individual often considers his own cultural standards to be the only correct one.
It is possible to highlight the following conditions for successful intercultural communication:
- the presence of intention - the desire to convey a message;
- openness to the knowledge of a foreign culture and the perception of psychological, social and other intercultural differences;
- the ability to distinguish between collective and individual in the behavior of representatives of other cultures;
- ability to overcome stereotypes;
- possession of a set of communicative tools and their correct choice depending on the situation of communication (tone, style, strategy, speech, genres, themes, etc.);
- compliance with the logic discourse;
- compliance with etiquette standards.
In order for intercultural communication to be the most effective, it is necessary first of all to choose the optimal form of communication, since it is the beginning of the communication process that can determine its entire final result.
In order for the differences in intercultural interaction not to become an overwhelming obstacle in business and personal relations between people of different cultures, you should try to approach the process of communication with representatives of other linguistic cultures as best you can, having familiarized yourself with the peculiarities of their linguistic cultural community. Only in this case misunderstanding and involuntary hostility can be avoided.
We believe that it is necessary to get acquainted with the culture of the people in the process of learning a foreign language. Learning a foreign language in close connection with the national culture of the people who speak this language will contribute to a deeper study of the world of native speakers, which will lead to full communication, a more accurate and adequate understanding of foreign language partners in communication, the formation of a communicative and competent person capable of adequate communication in the context of significant cultural differences.
ConclusionDuring the study of psychological and pedagogical literature on the problem of research, we came to the conclusion that, at the present time, due to the increasing interest in languages ​​and culture of different nations, intercultural communication takes one of the main positions in the public life of a person.
We presented a number of definitions of the notion of “intercultural communication” and concluded that scientists see different processes in intercultural communication. This fact testifies to the multifacetedness of the phenomenon of intercultural communication.
As a multifaceted phenomenon, intercultural communication has its own structure. This paper presents the structure of intercultural communication by V.V. Eremina.
We noted that the effectiveness of intercultural communication, in addition to knowledge of the language, depends on many factors: conditions and culture of communication, rules of etiquette, knowledge of non-verbal forms of expression (facial expressions, gestures), the presence of deep background knowledge and much more. Overcoming the language barrier is not enough to ensure effective communication between people of different cultures. For this you need to overcome the cultural barrier. ” The work describes in detail the differences between Russian and German linguistic cultures, which, in our opinion, can have a significant impact on the whole process of intercultural communication.
It is also noted that at present, most scientists agree that, even knowing the theory of a foreign language well, being a fairly sociable person, it is often difficult to achieve free communication with a foreign language interlocutor. The reason for this is the differences in the communicative behavior of people as representatives of different cultures.
In order for the differences in intercultural interaction not to become an insurmountable obstacle in business and personal relations between representatives of different cultures, one should try to approach the process of communication with representatives of other linguistic cultures as intelligently as possible. It is necessary to get acquainted with the peculiarities of the linguistic culture of a foreign language, only in this case misunderstanding and involuntary hostility can be avoided.
We believe that it is necessary to get acquainted with the culture of the people in the process of learning a foreign language. Learning a foreign language in close connection with the national culture of the people who speak this language will contribute to a deeper study of the world of native speakers, which will lead to full-fledged communication, a more accurate and adequate understanding of foreign language communication partners.
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