Налоговые реформы США

Content

Introduction 3
1. The US tax system 3
2. Canadian tax system 4
3. The tax system of Germany 6
4. The tax system of France 7
5. Spain's tax system 8
6. The tax system of the PRC 9
7. Japan's tax system 10
Conclusion 11
Bibliography 12

Introduction

In the conditions of market relations, the tax system is one of the most important economic regulators, the basis of the financial and credit mechanism of state regulation of the economy. The efficient functioning of the entire national economy depends on the correctness of the tax system. It is precisely the tax system that today turned out to be, perhaps, the main subject of discussions about the ways and methods of reforming, as well as sharp criticism.
Today, in almost all countries of the world, governments are striving to optimize national taxation systems.
The legislation of different countries has its own characteristics, contains various provisions that are due to its national interests.
1. The US tax systemThe US tax system is based on its construction from the general economic principle of liberalization, the essence of which is the maximum possible use of objectively operating market regulators of economic development. From an organizational point of view, this tax system is three-tier and includes federal taxes, state taxes and local taxes (counties, municipalities, counties and other state territorial entities).
From the point of view of using the economic (stimulating) potential of the system, the investment potential of the US tax system is realized through the following main elements:
- application of accelerated depreciation rates for fixed assets of enterprises, which allow increasing the share of costs and, accordingly, reducing the share of profits in the price of products and services, which is a form of benefits in terms of income tax, as well as a way to stimulate investment in the development of business entities
- large-scale benefits related to investment in research and development work, up to the complete elimination of the relevant costs and benefits from most types of taxation;
- special tax discounts for the use of alternative types of energy in the production and economic activities of economic entities, which can be up to 50% of the cost of relevant types of equipment excluded from the taxable base.
Despite the statutory broad rights of territories, the regional potential in US taxation is not used to a significant extent, since about 70% of tax revenues pass through the federal budget and their part is redistributed between regions (states) centrally with objective negative consequences. Recently, however, a tangible tendency has arisen to increase the state's own tax revenues, for example, in such areas as social security, health care, and the protection of public order (police), providing about 90% of expenses.
Nevertheless, the main source of regional budget revenues (over 70%) remains the federal budget subsidies. The implementation of the sectoral potential of the tax system under consideration (due to the noted principal peculiarities of the US economy) also cannot be considered significant. It is limited by various rates of accelerated depreciation for specific industries, as well as by fairly rare (and in fact an exception to the general rule) tax discounts, for example, granted to the extractive industries as compensation for depletion of the subsoil.
2. Canadian tax systemCanada's tax system is generally similar to the US system due to its similar government structure, including the federal level, provinces and local level, and similar economic principles.
As in the United States, the investment potential of this tax system is focused on the use of rates of accelerated depreciation of fixed assets, on preferential taxation of scientific and engineering developments, which actually means a comprehensive stimulation of the development of high-tech industries.
The degree of use of the regional potential of the Canadian tax system is higher than in the United States, since the territories have large not only political but also economic rights. In this case, the main economic link is the province. Due to this situation, tax revenues of the federal level make up about 50% of the total, provinces - more than 40%, local level - about 10%. In addition, the transfer to the provinces of a significant part of federal revenues is widely used, and it is not subsidized, but is carried out within the framework of specially developed joint programs for solving specific regional problems.
Realization of the sectoral potential is limited by the general orientation to the formation of an effective sectoral structure due to the operation of common market mechanisms, however, mainly for social reasons, the system of subsidies for agricultural producers and selective and limited on the scale benefits for the processing industries are used ( up to 5% of the total tax rate).
The competitive potential of the Canadian tax system is significantly weaker than in the United States, and is limited mainly to the small business sector, where enterprises are provided with substantial tax breaks to ensure normal development conditions in a tough competitive environment, which can be calculated at tax rates of 2.5 times smaller than for similar large enterprises.
The fiscal function of the Canadian tax system, which has basically the same orientation as in the United States, involves the use of personal income tax as the main source of state tax revenue. The specificity of this tax is that it is a way of self-mobilizing financial resources in the provinces. Here, various methods of determining the taxable base and, respectively, various autonomous tax rates are applied at the federal and provincial levels.
Taxation of business entities in this case is even more liberal than in the United States, and corporate income tax forms about 7% of federal budget revenues and less than 4% of provincial incomes; other taxes of this kind do not have any noticeable effect on government revenues.
3. The tax system of GermanyThe tax system of Germany differs significantly from the North American systems, which are determined by the traditional focus on large-scale government regulation. The economic (incentive) function of this tax system is as follows. The investment potential of the German taxation system, along with the use of accelerated depreciation rates, presupposes preferential taxation of that part of the profit of economic entities that is allocated to the formation of reserves, whose main purpose is to ensure the prospective development of economic entities.
The sizes of these reserves are practically unlimited and are considered as sources of investments not only for this enterprise, but also, considering their temporary redistribution through the financial (stock and credit) market, for other enterprises.
The regional potential of this tax system is also more significant than in the United States and Canada, as it includes the following mechanisms:
- selective regional tax incentives for investment, for example, in the economy of eastern lands;
- subsidies in the form of general federal tax benefits provided to regional budgets;
- horizontal alignment of budget revenues, ensuring direct redistribution of tax revenues of economically developed lands in favor of the weaker ones without the involvement of the federal center.
The sectoral potential of the tax system being analyzed is used in much the same way as in Canada and the United States, and is limited to preferential taxation and the provision of subsidies and subsidies to enterprises, mainly agriculture and forestry.
The competitive potential of the tax system of Germany should be assessed as higher than the North American one, since it includes such fundamental components as:
- progressive taxation of income of business entities, and more stringent than in the United States;
- a rigid system of taxation of super-profits;
- a system of tax sanctions for unfair price competition (price collusion), which is very important for creating conditions for competitive equality.
The implementation of the fiscal function of the tax system of Germany also has significant specificity, the main feature of which is approximately the same and very significant tax burden borne by individuals and legal entities.
4. The tax system of FranceThe tax system of France has much in common with the Russian tax system, despite the fact that this state is neither legislatively nor actually federal, and from the point of view of the organization of public finances it is a strictly centralized system built at the state and local levels.
Within the framework of the implementation of the economic (regulatory) function, the tax system of France is an exact reflection of its state structure and is based not so much on the use of economic regulation mechanisms, as on the centralized redistribution of fiscal resources.
The investment potential of the French taxation system provides for the use of such levers of investment incentives as accelerated depreciation and deductions from taxable income in the amount of 10% of the increase in investment in production development and 50% of the increase in investment in scientific research, which does not allow to evaluate it quite high.
The sectoral potential of the analyzed system is also very small, since it provides only VAT benefits for encouraging such socially important sectors of the economy as food production, medicines, housing, public transport.
The regional potential of the French tax system is also low due to, firstly, the features of the state structure of this country noted above and, secondly, because the corresponding regional development regulators are not actually represented in it. The noticeable growth trend in the share of local budgets in the consolidated budget of France is not determined by the regional orientation of the tax system, but by the strengthening of the centralized redistribution of state-level tax revenues.
The competitive potential of this system is generally similar to the potential of Germany and is determined by its similar structure.
The tax system of France gives an obvious preference for the fiscal function, which is reflected in all analyzed characteristics.
5. Spain's tax systemSpain's tax system is characterized as follows:
- similarity with the government of Russia (the federal level - autonomous territories and provinces - the local level);
- comparability (to a certain extent) of the macroeconomic conditions of its operation with the Russian ones.
From the point of view of realization of the economic (regulatory) function, the tax system under consideration is characterized by the following significant features.
The investment potential of the Spanish taxation system is determined by the privileges provided for the creation of new jobs in the form of a fixed amount deducted from the total amount of tax payments calculated in a general manner, as well as by encouraging investments by reducing the income tax rate by 5%. To this should be added the possibility of applying rates of accelerated depreciation.
The regional potential of the tax system of Spain should be recognized as quite high, since it adequately takes into account the specifics of the state structure of the country noted above and makes it possible to apply different tax regimes for specific autonomous territories, up to the right to introduce their own types of taxes and, within certain limits, regulate tax rates this applies to economically underdeveloped autonomy).
Such a flexible approach to the regional development of the tax system allows in practice to ensure the alignment of the economic level of the subjects of the state, without using administrative-centralized tools of income redistribution.
The sectoral potential of this tax system is not significant, since it is limited to certain benefits (for example, in film production) and sanctions (for example, in the gambling business) in terms of income tax and, thus, does not affect the regulation of the development of basic industries.
The competitive potential of the Spanish tax system is practically not represented by any significant elements. The implementation of the fiscal function of the tax system of Spain focuses mainly on two areas: the taxation of personal income and excise taxes.
6. The tax system of the PRCThe PRC tax system is a collection of rules, regulations and relations that harmonizes economic management and its market forms, party leadership and modern management technologies, the public sector and private entrepreneurship. Numerous changes, including flexibility in the tax system of China - this is the economic result of this country over the past 20 years.
The third place in the world among the most comfortable for business tax systems is divided between China and Hong Kong. Here the tax press is four taxes with an aggregate rate of 24.4%. It takes only 80 hours to pay them.
Tax revenues are the main source of budget revenues in China. At present, China’s tax revenues account for about 95 percent of the country's financial income and are the main source of revenue for China’s state budget. Financial resources accumulated by the state through taxes are directed towards supporting rural development, environmental protection and ecological construction, and promoting social development. It should be noted that this is an important economic tool used by the state for the purposes of macroeconomic regulation and directly affecting the process of China’s economic and social development. This system plays an invaluable role in ensuring revenue revenues of the budget, further increasing the degree of external openness and promoting the progressive, accelerated and healthy development of the national economy of China.
7. Japan's tax systemIn Japan, there are government taxes and local taxes. At the same time, more than 64% of all tax revenues come from state taxes, and the rest from local taxes. Then, a significant part of tax funds is redistributed through the state budget of Japan through deductions from state taxes to local budgets. There are 47 prefectures in the country, which unite 3045 cities, towns, districts, each of which has its own independent budget.
The tax system of Japan, as in the United States and Europe, is characterized by a multiplicity of taxes. They have the right to charge each body of territorial administration. But all taxes of the country are fixed in legislative acts. Every type of state tax is regulated by law. The law on local taxes determines their types and marginal rates, otherwise the establishment is conducted by the local parliament. There are 25 state and 30 local taxes in the country. They can be classified into three large groups:
The first is direct income taxes on businesses and individuals.
The second is direct property taxes.
The third is direct and indirect consumption taxes.
The tax policy of Japan provides for strengthening the finances of local authorities: prefectures, cities, districts, towns, etc. In Japan, three types of local taxes are paid by municipalities. This is an entrepreneurial, corporate municipal and equalizing taxes.ConclusionThe experience of Western countries is quite applicable in the modern conditions of Russia, if it is not blindly copied, but to adopt the best, applying it to specific features of the Russian economy:
1) Due to large tax pressure on enterprises, almost the entire amount of savings (profits) is withdrawn, multiple taxation of corporate income is used (for example, profits are taxed three times - through income tax, corporate property tax and VAT. This leads to a large amount of income hiding, stimulates an understatement of profits and rising production costs, reducing investment.If you use the experience of foreign countries (USA, Canada, Spain), in this situation it is necessary to reduce the tax rates - VAT and income tax, as well as social payments with a corresponding transfer of the tax burden to individuals through a system of excise taxes, property taxes, etc. In general, this measure should increase the investment interest of enterprises. But it must be borne in mind that the level of effective public demand is falling and the proposed governments will reduce it even more, which will adversely affect the development of production.
2) In view of the fact that the investment potential of the Russian tax system is not high enough, a particularly preferential tax regime should be introduced for investment activity, especially for investments in high-tech and knowledge-intensive industries.
3) the use of special tax rates for particularly high, speculative income in order to reduce too much inequality in income distribution in society (USA, Germany, France).
4) preferential taxation of basic consumer products, determining the necessary minimum of consumption and, accordingly, the cost of labor, such as VAT exemptions for the promotion of food production in France.
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