Эссе на тему: "In the US and the UK there is a growing concern about the influence of immigrants"

In the US and the UK there is a growing concern about the influence of immigrants on the locals’ job opportunities, as well as on the economic and social situation in general. This essay therefore will focus firstly on the immigration impact on labor market and unemployment rates, and secondly, on the conceptual framework for the linkages in international migration systems as a tool for research.
The chances of immigrants to get jobs depend on the degree of competition with native workers and on the intensity of discrimination against immigrants. If there is a high degree of competition and discrimination, immigrants will experience a high unemployment rate. Rising immigrant population in urban areas in the US often results in an oversupply of work force in the local labor market, especially when its local economy stagnates. What is also essential is the fact that recent immigrants, in comparison with earlier immigrants and native workers, will experience more loss of job opportunities due to their disadvantaged positions since they do not spend enough time to learn all necessary information about job opportunities, job network, and so on. Thus it can be assumed that growing rates of international migrants among urban populations will in general increase local unemployment rates.
In the UK the situation is a bit different. In the article by Dustmann, Fabbri and Preston the effects of immigrants on wage and employment outcomes for the UK were assessed. There were two main points. The first one is that labor market effects may occur only if the skill composition of immigrant labor differs from that of the native work force. The second point is that if the economy has sufficient scope to adjust to increased migration by changing output mix, no effects should be expected in the long run. The analysis of the skill composition of older and newer immigrants showed that on average, it is not very different from the skill composition of the natives. It means that immigration may have had little effect on the overall skill distribution of the work force and on the unemployment rates.
James T. Fawcett in his research on immigration argues about the importance of the migration system framework. Among the beneficial features of it he names the following: it examines one flow in the context of other flows; it highlights the diverse linkages between places; it reinforces the view of migration as a dynamic process. The author suggests several categories of linkages, for example regulatory linkages which are legal or contractual in nature. Learning about migration system framework and linkages can serve as a tool of identifying interactions and understanding the dynamics of migration flows.
The analysis above has given an insight on the immigration impact on labor market and unemployment rates. In the US immigrants influence urban unemployment rates because of job losses among local native workers as a result of their job competitions with recent immigrants, discrimination against immigrants and their struggles with assimilation. In the UK the impact of immigration on labor market is not as negative as it may seem.
References
Christian Dustmann, Tim Hatton and Ian Preston, ‘The Labour Market Effects of Immigration’. https://www.jstor.org/stable/3590382?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contentsJames T. Fawcett. ‘Networks, Linkages and Migration Systems’, https://www.jstor.org/stable/2546434?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contentsJoong-Hwan Oh, Sung-Chul Lee and Byung-Soo Kim. ‘The Impact of International Migration on Unemployment Rates in Urban America: Testing Different Theoretical Approaches’, https://www.jstor.org/stable/43111490