Некоторые заболевания нервной системы человека

Contents
Introduction 2
1. Hydrocephalus 4
1. 1   Etiology and pathogenesis of the disease 5
1. 2   Features 7
1. 3   Symptoms 9
1.4 Treatment 11
2. Cerebral palsy 13
2.1 Definition 14
2.2. Causes of Cerebral Palsy 15
2. 3 Treatment of cerebral palsy 17
3. Cerebrovascular disease 19
3.1 General characteristics 19
3.2 Causes of illness 20
3.3 Symptoms of cerebrovascular disorders 20
3.4 Treatment of CVD 21
3.5 Disease prevention 22
Conclusion 23
Bibliography 24

Introduction
The state of the central nervous system (CNS) depends on the normal functioning of many human functions. Diseases of the system can lead to severe consequences - complete paralysis, lack of control over your own body, speech disorders or even death.
All diseases of the nervous system can be divided into vascular, infectious, chronically progressive, hereditary and traumatic pathologies.
Vascular diseases are extremely common and dangerous. They often lead to disability or even death of the patient. This group includes disorders of cerebral circulation of an acute nature (stroke) and chronically recurrent cerebrovascular insufficiency, which causes changes in the brain. Such diseases can develop due to hypertension or atherosclerosis. Vascular diseases of the nervous system are manifested by headaches, nausea and vomiting, decreased sensitivity and impaired motor activity.Infectious diseases of the nervous system develop due to the pathogenic effects of various viruses, bacteria, fungi and parasites. The brain suffers mainly, and the peripheral nervous system and the spinal cord are less frequently affected. Common diseases of this group are encephalitis, malaria, measles, and so on. Symptoms of neuroinfections are fever, impaired consciousness, severe headache, nausea and vomiting.
Hereditary diseases of the nervous system are divided into chromosomal (cellular) and genomic. The most common chromosomal disease of the nervous system is Down's disease, and genomic pathologies most often affect the neuromuscular system. Characteristic signs of such disorders are dementia, infantilism, endocrine and motor system disorders.
Traumatic damage to the nervous system arises from injury, bruising, or squeezing of the brain or spinal cord. These include concussion. Accompanying symptoms are headache, disorders of consciousness, nausea and vomiting, loss of memory, decreased sensitivity, etc.
The purpose of this work is to acquaint people with certain diseases of the nervous system, as well as inform them about the risks and methods of prevention. 
The goals are:
1) familiarize people with the disease " Hydrocephalus ",
2) familiarize people with the disease "Cerebral Palsy"
3) to acquaint people with the group of diseases called "Cerebrovascular diseases"
1. Hydrocephalus
In modern general and correctional pedagogy, the position about the need for early detection and overcoming deviations in the development of children has been established. Of particular importance is the problem of training pre-school and school teachers for meeting with such children, their proper recognition, the timely identification of their difficulties and the provision of the necessary psychological and educational assistance to them.
Hydrocephalus or dropsy of the brain, called a pathological condition is characterized by an increase in the amount of fluid in the cranial cavity. There are:
a) general hydrocephalus with an increase in the fluid content in the ventricles of the brain and subarachnoid space;
b) an internal, or ventricular form, in which there is an excess amount of fluid inside the ventricles;
c) rarely observed external hydrocephalus with excess fluid in the subarachnoid space with its normal content in the ventricles, which develops during brain atrophy.
The total amount of fluid circulating normally in the ventricles and subarachnoid space of the brain and spinal cord is 150 ml, on average, of which one half is distributed approximately equally between the ventricles and the subarachnoid space of the brain, and the second is in the subarachnoid space of the spinal cord.
Clinically occlusive hydrocephalus is manifested:
1) progressive syndrome of increasing intracranial pressure;
2) often occurring occlusive seizures;
3) focal symptoms, depending on the nature and localization of the main pathological process and the level of occlusion.
1. 1   Etiology and pathogenesis of the diseaseDisturbance of resorption and circulation of cerebrospinal fluid or its excessive secretion. The cause is usually adhesions due to postponed neuroinfections or head injuries, as well as brain tumors, congenital anomalies of the brain and its membranes.
From a neurosurgical point of view, the division of hydrocephalus into the following two main forms is most important: 1) open (reported) form, which is a consequence of increased production of cerebrospinal fluid (hypersecretory form) or slowing down its absorbability (aresorptive form), or a combination of both factors. At the same time the circulation of the CSF between the ventricular system and the subarachnoid space is not difficult; 2) closed (occlusal ) internal form of inflammatory, tumor or other etiology, in which there is an obstruction in the path of outflow of cerebrospinal fluid from the ventricular system into the basal cisterns and the subarachnoid space. According to the place of the obturating process, which is usually localized in the most narrow places of communications, there are the following types of closed hydrocephalus: a) with the level of occlusion at the Monroe hole; b) at the Silviyev aqueduct; c) at the openings of Magendie and Luschka . According to the time of development, there is congenital and acquired (symptomatic) hydrocephalus, which can be either communicating or occlusive .Congenital hydrocephalus. This form is an increasing intracranial dropsy caused by causes that affect the brain during the prenatal development or childbirth. These causes are: a) toxoplasmosis and other infectious and inflammatory diseases of the mother, causing the fetus meningoencephalitis or delayed development of brain structures that ensure the absorption of cerebrospinal fluid; b) intracranial trauma in childbirth with the occurrence of intracranial hemorrhage.
There are two main forms of congenital hydrocephalus: a) communicating and b) occlusive . They develop in cases where there is no formation of Magendie and Luschka holes in the 3-4 months of intrauterine development or when these openings close in a later period of development due to inflammatory processes in the fetal brain. In the latter cases, blockage may occur both at the level of the holes indicated and at the level of the sylvan of the water supply system. The number of communicating forms significantly prevails over occlusal. Congenital hydrocephalus may be complicated by encephalomalylation, mostly in the white matter.
As a result, this or that degree of brain atrophy develops, sometimes reaching such a degree that instead of cerebral hemispheres there are thin-walled bubbles filled with liquor.
Symptomatic forms of hydrocephalus.
These forms are the result of acute or chronic infectious processes and traumatic brain injury (communicating or occlusive forms), or develop secondary for tumors that hinder the outflow of cerebrospinal fluid from the ventricular system ( occlusive forms).
Development of occlusive forms of hydrocephalus in adults, it is most often the result of a direct or indirect effect of an intracranial tumor, which causes difficulty, temporary or permanent cessation of the outflow of cerebrospinal fluid from the ventricular system. These same phenomena may be the result of other intracranial volume structures (abscess, tuberculoma, cysticercus, etc.).
In second place are the inflammatory forms of narrowing or closing the lumen in the narrowest sections of the circulation of the ventricular cerebrospinal fluid with the development of adhesions.
In the late period of traumatic brain injury, as a result of hemorrhages in ependyma, inflammatory adhesive processes can occur, causing an obstruction of the sylvian aqueduct.
Symptoms an occlusive attack is mainly associated with two points: a) a rapidly increasing delay in the outflow of cerebrospinal fluid from the ventricular system as a result of complete or almost complete, temporary or permanent obstruction of its outflow pathways, which leads to an increase in intraventricular pressure, b) by squeezing the trunk.
1. 2   Features
A specific feature of acquired hydrocephalus infection (mainly after suffering meningitis), post-traumatic or other origin in childhood and adolescence is that the later it develops, the less often due to the complete closure of the spring and the cranial sutures are created to increase the volume of the skull.
At the forefront, especially with occlusive forms, is the syndrome of increased intracranial pressure, manifested by headaches, vomiting, dizziness, congestive nipples of the optic nerves and decreased vision. The defeat of the cranial nerves, motor disorders of the pyramidal, extrapyramidal and cerebellar character are expressed in varying degrees.
Often there are mild forms of the disease with periodic exacerbations; in these cases, in the presence of an open form of hydrocephalus, discharge lumbar punctures are shown .Pathological processes in the brain and its membranes symptomatic hydrocephalus can for a number of months or even years flow clinically almost asymptomatic, and only when conditions arise for obstruction of the outflow of the cerebrospinal fluid and ventricular system manifests a pronounced clinical symptom complex .Spilled productive inflammatory process in the form of thickening and clouding of the arachnoid membrane, sometimes its accretion with the dura mater, thickening of the soft membrane extends to the ventricular walls and vascular plexus, and finally leads to the development of adhesions in the most narrow areas of the outflow of the cerebrospinal fluid from the ventricular system, accompanied occlusive hydrocephalus.
At the same time, there are sharp headaches or their intensification, vomiting, forced position with improper installation of the head, motor restlessness in combination with general lethargy, darkened consciousness, slowing or increasing pulse and arrhythmia, progression of eye- motor disorders, increased nystagmus, autonomic disorders in form of profuse sweating, reddening of the face and chest, and occasionally of the extremities, sometimes in the form of spotted hyperemia, alternating with pallor, cyanotic , increased respiration with some difficulty his, increased pyramidal disorders, sometimes tonic convulsions in the limbs and, finally, the progression of respiratory impairment or its sudden stop, often with a satisfactory pulse.
Stem symptoms are one of the most important components of an occlusive seizure.
The development of the disease in the congenital form of hydrocephalus can spontaneously stop at any stage.
At the same time in mild cases there may be a complete practical recovery.
In severe, progressive cases, in the absence of timely surgical intervention, the prognosis of congenital hydrocephalus is unfavorable: most children die in the first months or years of life from various intercurrent diseases and complications (bedsores, dystrophy, etc.) and only a few survive to older age.
The most characteristic of hydrocephalus is decreased performance (increased fatigue, impaired attention), peculiar behavioral changes, often with elements of severe frontal insufficiency (prevalence of unmotivatedly elevated mood background with a euphoric character, reduced criticism of yourself and others, underreporting of the situation). These features are combined with a normal level of intelligence, and with various degrees of its decline. These children often have a well-developed pronunciation side with a tendency to resonance reasoning, with a multitude of cliches and turns borrowed from the speech of adults and not always fully semantically understood by the speakers.
In the study of higher cortical functions, pseudo-optical and pseudo - amnestic phenomena are often noted. In the process of learning, these children have specific errors in writing in the form of omissions of letters, syllables, words, and permutations of letters in words.
Despite the fact that these children have an idea of ​​the number and elementary numerical relations, they do not master the oral counting techniques, they do not keep in memory the simplest examples, the conditions of the problem.
Children with hydrocephalus are characterized by increased excitability, impulsiveness and in some cases insufficient motivation of behavior.
All these symptoms are unstable in nature, it increases due to general fatigue and varies depending on the conditions in which the child performs a particular task.
The prognosis of neonatal hydrocephalus is not favorable; The outcome of adult hydrocephalus is determined by the possibility of surgical correction of the causes of the disease.
1. 3   SymptomsThe clinical picture of congenital hydrocephalus is manifested by an increase and a characteristic change in the shape of the skull, sometimes very significant, which in many cases occurs immediately after birth.
With neonatal hydrocephalus, an increase in the head, underlining of the venous network of the skull covers and lowering of the eyes below are most characteristic (a symptom of the setting sun); the volume of the head, gradually increasing, can reach gigantic sizes (circumference of the skull up to 60 cm or more). Cranial sutures widened, anterior fontanel sharply enlarged.
Due to the compliance of the skull of children, symptoms of hypertension are rarely observed. Paralysis of the cranial nerves are frequent, in particular, decreased visual acuity due to atrophy of the optic nerves.
Spasticity is usually noted in the legs. In severe cases, mental retardation is inevitable.
Subsequently, under the influence of increasing pressure of the cerebrospinal fluid, this increase rapidly progresses, skull bones thinning, cranial sutures expand and stress increases; ripple springs absent. Since the facial skeleton does not increase in this case, the face acquires a triangular shape and, compared to a large spherical head, appears small; it is pale, wrinkled and old-looking.
Diverse neurological symptoms are the result of increased intracranial pressure with the development of atrophic and degenerative processes in the brain and cranial nerves.
A persistent increase in intracranial pressure leads to compression of the capillaries of the brain and, as a result, atrophy of the nervous tissue. The defeat of the cranial nerves is manifested primarily by impaired function of vision and varying degrees of optic atrophy, reduced vision, sometimes with an outcome in blindness. Motion impairment is manifested in the fact that children start to sit and walk late and do not hold their head well. Paresis and paralysis of limbs expressed in varying degrees. Mental retardation varies widely. Dementia and idiocy are often observed. Exacerbation hydrocephalic syndrome with the development of acute occlusive seizures is manifested by the rapid development of a severe condition with pronounced headaches, vomiting, dizziness, bradycardia, which can be replaced by tachycardia, tonic convulsions, unconsciousness and death.
Hydrocephalus in adults is characterized by signs of increased intracranial pressure: headache, vomiting, congestive discs of the optic nerves, dizziness.
The disease that occurred after the age of 17-18 years is not accompanied by an increase in the size of the head.
Signs of increased intracranial pressure with occlusive hydrocephalus are most often paroxysmal, vomiting, occurring at the height of an attack of headaches, inhibition of the activity of the cortical regions of the cerebral hemispheres (exhaustion, impaired memory, impaired consciousness of various degrees in the form of stunning, drowsiness, etc.), stagnant nipples optic nerves with a tendency to the rapid progression of the secondary atrophic process of these nerves with a decrease in vision and outcome in blindness, secondary hypertension-hydro cephalic changes in the bones of the cranial vault and the Turkish saddle, generalized changes in the electrical activity of the brain. With increasing intracranial hypertension, a slowing of the pulse is observed, which is then replaced by its increased frequency.
Differentiate the hydrocephalus of newborns primarily from rachitic head augmentation, which is characterized by the proliferation of bone tissue of the skull and changes in the skeleton typical for rickets.
1.4 TreatmentAfter an adequate full examination, the main purpose of which is to determine the form of hydrocephalus, its severity, assessment of the causes of the disease, the doctor faces the question of choosing a treatment method. As a rule, open hydrocephalus is treated conservatively. The drug of choice for this disease is diacarb. Its difference from other medicinal substances that increase urine excretion (diuretic drugs), and, accordingly, a decrease in the fluid content in the body is the inhibition of liquor production. The dose of diacarb is 30-50 mg / kg of body weight of the child. The maximum permissible dose of the drug 100 mg / kg of weight can be assigned for a period of not more than 1 week. With insufficient effect from conservative therapy, the patient is indicated surgical treatment. Patients with occlusive hydrocephalus in most cases need a surgical manual. Surgical intervention should be carried out in a specialized neurosurgical department. If a patient has a formation that prevents the outflow of liquor (tumor or brain cyst), the operation should be aimed at removing it and restoring the patency of the cerebrospinal fluid pathways. In cases where liquor the block arises due to malformations (stenosis of the brain's water supply system, underdevelopment of the interventricular holes), adhesions resulting from infections and brain injuries resort to liquor-shunting operations. Liquorunting operation is essentially a prosthetic liquor system. With such interventions, a drainage tube system is implanted in the patient, which is equipped with a valve to maintain a certain intracranial pressure. At the same time outflow of cerebrospinal fluid is carried out in various cavities of the body - the abdominal cavity (the most frequent route), the pleural cavity, the atrium. The choice of drainage path in each case is determined individually. Disadvantages of liquor shunting operations: patient's dependence on the system, the need for repeated operations (according to statistics, up to 25% of repeated interventions during the first year of life), infection and rejection of systems, migration of shunt sites. In the last decade, a completely new neuro-endoscopic type of surgical intervention has been developed and actively introduced into practice . The basis of the method is the creation of an additional hole in the cerebrospinal fluid system (usually in the bottom of the third ventricle) in order to form a liquor drainage path with the help of special tools. During neuro- endoscopic surgery, traumatization is reduced to a minimum the brain, the physiological processes of the circulation of the liquor are normalized and foreign bodies are not implanted. The restriction for the operation is the early age of the child - up to 6 months.
2. Cerebral palsyCerebral palsy is a complex disease of the central nervous system, leading not only to motor disorders, but also causes a delay or pathology of mental development, speech deficiency, impaired hearing and vision, etc. The severity of disability in 20-35% of patients is so significant that they do not serve themselves, do not move, turn out to be unteachable. The importance of this problem is determined by the increasing prevalence and social significance of the disease, leading to severe disability .The problem of cerebral palsy has received the greatest relevance in recent decades, since this disease has become much more common. The attention of many scientists not only in our country, but also abroad has been riveted on the study of this pathology. However, the prevalence of cerebral palsy has been little studied to date. According to foreign authors, the incidence of children with cerebral palsy varies in different countries.
The literature data on the prevalence of the disease do not provide information on the age-sex structure, the distribution of patients according to the forms of the disease.
Insufficient study of the causes of cerebral palsy makes it difficult to plan and conduct targeted interventions for the proper organization of care for patients.
Undoubtedly, children with cerebral palsy are for the most part severely ill, requiring long-term comprehensive treatment, carried out differentially depending on the child’s age and severity of the lesion, with the participation of many specialists: psychoneurologists, orthopedists, methodologists in exercise therapy, speech therapists, psychologists, and also ophthalmologists, otolaryngologists and others. Observations of recent years have shown that such a comprehensive, systematic treatment can significantly reduce the degree of disability of a child or even eliminate it.
Early diagnostics and early staged treatment of these patients in combination with education and further training, with the participation of many doctors, as well as teachers, educators, speech therapists, lead to high efficiency of treatment, reduction of the number of cripples and introduction of many patients to socially useful work.
 2.1 Definition The term "cerebral palsy" (CP) combines a number of syndromes that occur in connection with brain damage. Cerebral palsy develops as a result of damage to the brain and spinal cord, from various causes in the early stages of intrauterine development of the fetus and in childbirth. The main clinical symptom of cerebral palsy is a violation of motor function associated with delayed development and improper development of statokinetic reflexes, pathology of tone, paresis. In addition to disturbances in the central nervous system, changes in the nerve and muscle fibers, joints, ligaments, and cartilage occur secondarily during life.
The main symptom of cerebral palsy - movement disorders, in most cases, mental disorders, speech, vision, hearing and others. Some children have a convulsive syndrome. The first clinical description of cerebral palsy was made by V. Little in 1853. For nearly 100 years, cerebral palsy was called Little 's disease. The term "cerebral palsy" belongs to Sigmund Freud. In 1893, he proposed combining all forms of spastic paralysis of intrauterine origin with similar clinical signs into the group of cerebral paralysis.
Currently, cerebral palsy is considered as a disease resulting from brain damage, transferred in the prenatal period or in the incomplete process of the formation of the basic structures and mechanisms of the brain, which leads to a complex combined structure of neurological and mental disorders. There is not only a slowed-down rate of mental development as a whole, but also an uneven, disproportionate character of the formation of individual mental functions.
An important link in the pathogenesis of mental disorders in children with cerebral palsy is the underdevelopment or anomalous development of the phylogenetic and ontogenetic of the youngest brain structures, already developing in the postnatal period. In a child with cerebral palsy, the most important functional system is the motor system. Severe motor pathology, often in combination with sensory impairment, may be one of the causes of underdevelopment of cognitive activity and intelligence.
2.2. Causes of Cerebral Palsy Analysis of the causes leading to cerebral palsy showed that in most cases it is not possible to single out one of them. As a rule, there is a combination of several adverse factors during pregnancy and childbirth.
According to many researchers, in 80% of cases of cerebral palsy, brain damage occurs during fetal intrauterine development. In the future, intrauterine pathology may be aggravated by intrapartum. However, in every third case the cause of cerebral palsy cannot be established.
Modern medicine describes over 400 factors affecting the course of fetal development. The cause of cerebral pathology in 70-80% of cases is the effect on the brain of a complex of harmful factors.
Hypoxia of the child in the womb or immediately after birth. Thus, in most children, the cause of the disease is the pathology of the mother’s pregnancy (toxicosis, impaired placental circulation, infection), which leads to an underdevelopment of the brain structures of the child, especially the brain regions responsible for the formation of reflex mechanisms and maintaining body balance. Because of this, an improper distribution of muscle tone in the skeleton occurs, pathological motor reactions occur.
Birth injuries caused by various types of obstetric pathology (narrow pelvis of the mother, its incorrect structure, weakness of labor activity, prolonged or rapid delivery, as well as delivery after a prolonged anhydrous period, incorrect presentation of the fetus), in only a small number of cases serve as the only reason leading to brain damage to the fetus. In most cases, the severity of childbirth is determined by the already existing pathology of the child, which appeared as a result of its intrauterine damage.
Hemolytic disease of the newborn ("nuclear jaundice"), in which the child's brain intoxication occurs. Jaundice can be caused by various mechanisms - the incompatibility of the blood of the mother and the fetus in a group or Rh factor, as well as liver failure of the newborn.
Acute or chronic diseases of the mother, especially hypertension, heart defects, anemia, obesity, diabetes, rubella, etc. Other "maternal" factors of perinatal risk are the intake of certain drugs during pregnancy, in particular tranquilizers, as well as some actions related to professional activity, alcoholism, stress, psychological discomfort, and physical trauma. In recent years, great importance in the etiology of cerebral palsy is attached to the influence on the fetus of various infectious agents, especially of viral origin.
Disruption of the normal course of pregnancy - toxicosis, threats of termination, as well as the immunological incompatibility of the mother and fetus.
Complications of childbirth. It should be borne in mind that in the presence of pathologies of intrauterine development of the child, childbirth often has a difficult and prolonged course. Thus, conditions are created for the occurrence of mechanical head injury and asphyxiation, which are often essentially secondary factors that cause additional disorder of the primarily affected brain. The factors most contributing to the development of cerebral palsy, most researchers include preterm labor.
Cerebral artery occlusion and developed ischemic stroke (intrauterine or during labor).
Another interesting fact is that, in cerebral palsy, there is a predominantly male lesion. On average, cerebral palsy in boys occurs 1.3 times more often and has a more severe course than in girls. For example, three-quarters of cases of moderate and severe tetraplegia in cerebral palsy are found among males and have a tendency to more severe motor impairment than women.
 2. 3 Treatment of cerebral palsyTreatment of cerebral palsy is a long and multi-stage process, since it is necessary to erase everything that has been gained in the wrong stereotype of movements and create a new, correct one. Without destroying the old, pathological, it is impossible to build a new one, but it takes time. This is a laborious matter, but not hopeless.
Treatment of cerebral palsy includes 3 necessary steps:
Stage number 1. Preliminary.
Its essence lies in the preparation of all body systems to increase the amount of physical exertion, to the new regime, as well as cleaning the body of toxins accumulated due to drug treatment and in connection with physical inactivity. The duration of this stage is usually from 2 to 4 weeks.
Stage 2 - preparatory.
This is the most difficult and long-lasting part of the treatment: this spasticity is completely and irrevocably removed. The work is carried out only by biomechanical methods. Operational and medical "ways" to remove spasticity excluded!
Irreversible elimination of spasticity is achieved by:
* By restoring the balance of antagonist muscles in strength and length.
* By eliminating muscle contractures by restoring the structure of muscle tissue to ensure full, free full- amplitude passive movements in all segments of the musculoskeletal system (ODE).
* By eliminating joint contracture by restoring joint alignment and the structure of articular and periarticular tissues.
The preparatory stage can be considered completed only when the patient freely holds the body both on two legs and on each leg separately, is able to squat repeatedly, lean forward and sideways.
This stage can be very long, its duration depends on the patient's age, the severity of the disease, the preservation of the psyche, the characteristics of the previous treatment, etc.
Stage number 3 - the main.
At this stage, learning to walk in the normal stereotype and maintaining balance during movement.
At the end of the stage, the patient should go without care and support.
The development of fine motor skills and complex motor stereotypes refers to the following stages of improving the function of movement. Therefore, the logic of treatment implies a cruel prohibition not only on any movements in the wrong pathological stereotypes, but on subtle and complex motor skills - learning it is premature and harmful.
At all stages of the treatment process, the immediate and active participants are the parents of the child. From their understanding, readiness for contact, diligence and hard work directly depends on the efficiency of work.
3. Cerebrovascular disease3.1 General characteristicsCerebrovascular disease, or CVD, is a disease that causes abnormalities in the brain's blood vessels and, as a result, a violation of the cerebral circulation. Usually, the CVD develops against the background of atherosclerosis and hypertension. The disease is extremely dangerous, in the first place, the fact that very often its final stage is a stroke - an acute impairment of blood circulation in the brain, leading to death or disability .There are acute and chronic types of cerebrovascular diseases. To acute include:
acute hypertensive encephalopathy ;transistor ischemic attack ;hemorrhagic or ischemic stroke .The chronic form of CVD is dyscircular encephalopathy, which, in turn, is divided into types:
cerebral thrombosis . Constriction and blockage of blood vessels with blood clots or plaques;
cerebral embolism . Vascular occlusion with clots formed in larger arteries (for example, in the heart) and trapped into the small arteries;
cerebral hemorrhage . The rupture of the vessel in the brain, which is the cause of hemorrhagic stroke.
Dyscircular encephalopathy can develop gradually, and then go into the acute form of CVD.
3.2 Causes of illnessThe main factor in the occurrence of cerebrovascular disorders is, as we have already mentioned, cerebral arteriosclerosis. Also, to a lesser extent, CVD may occur due to inflammatory vascular diseases.
Associated causes that can cause and exacerbate the disease:
diabetes;
gout;
inflammatory diseases;
overweight;
osteochondrosis of the cervical spine;
various pathologies of cardiac activity;
smoking and excessive drinking.
3.3 Symptoms of cerebrovascular disordersThe primary symptoms of CVD usually go unnoticed, as they can be attributed to normal fatigue and overwork. Agree, very few people will come to mind to see a doctor for headaches, minor sleep disorders, increased fatigue and decreased performance? As cerebrovascular insufficiency develops, the symptoms become brighter: severe pain appears, often mistaken for migraines, impaired intellectual activity, insomnia, dizziness, tinnitus, irritability, and loss of sensation in the limbs. For the next stage of the manifestation of the disease characterized by fainting, depression, temporary visual impairment.
If the patient does not go to the hospital for examination and the help of doctors, the CEC, if left untreated, leads to transistor ischemic attacks and stroke.
Consequences of cerebrovascular disease
Not always, although very often, cerebrovascular disorders lead to stroke. Other consequences of chronic disorders can be serious violations of cognitive activity: memory impairment, mental activity, spatial orientation up to vascular dementia (in 5-15% of cases). Decrease in coordination is possible: precarious gait, uncertainty and lack of control of movements. Also, patients may develop Binswanger's disease (subcortical atherosclerotic encephalopathy), which is characterized by gradual dementia, loss of ability to self-care in everyday life, dysarthria, and even epileptic seizures.
 3.4 Treatment of CVDTo avoid the development of the disease, it is necessary to undergo examination at the first stage of symptoms. Most often, computed and magnetic resonance imaging, vascular ultrasound, encephalography, and contrast X-rays are used to detect the disease. When making a diagnosis of "TsVB" and identifying the nature and extent of violations, the patient is prescribed a course of therapy.
The essence of the treatment, first of all, is to restore the normal blood supply to the vessels of the brain, that is, to expand the vessels. Therefore, the patient is prescribed antiplatelet agents (aspirin) and vasodilating drugs ( mefakor , papaverine). Also, to improve memory and cognitive functions using nootropic drugs. In severe forms and acute cerebrovascular insufficiency, angioplasty (mechanical expansion of the vessel with a balloon catheter) and endarterectomy (removal of blood clots), artery stenting is used .Also, the complex of treatment includes measures for the normalization and support of blood pressure, getting rid of excess weight. During the rehabilitation period, physiotherapeutic procedures, physiotherapy exercises, exercises with a speech therapist and a psychologist are shown to restore speech and cognitive functions (if such a need exists).
If the patient had cerebrovascular stroke, the treatment will be much longer and more difficult.
 3.5 Disease preventionTo prevent the development of cerebrovascular disease of the brain, you should try to adhere to the cholesterol diet (exclude fried, pickled, salted, smoked products, fatty meat, etc.), take measures to get rid of excess weight, bad habits, in particular, smoking. It is also necessary to constantly monitor blood pressure. Athletes do not need to be reminded that it is necessary to lead an active lifestyle, on the contrary, it is worth paying their attention to the fact that one should not allow excessive loads.
After 45-50 years of age, it is necessary to undergo a preventive examination annually, since in older and old age the risk of occurrence of CVD increases. During clinical examination, associated diseases that can cause chronic cerebrovascular insufficiency can be identified, and their timely treatment will help to preserve the healthy state of the brain vessels.
ConclusionThus, from the considered question it can be concluded that the state of the nervous system is one of the most important indicators of the state of the human body. 
The need to be careful about it is the key to success, good mood, good sleep, etc. Throughout the history of mankind, a huge number of external factors aggravated the state of the nervous system. And now, when the civilization has almost reached its apogee, we, the people, just need to take care of their health as carefully as possible so as not to completely destroy humanity. 
In addition, in this study, we examined the nervous system disease , their characteristics, typology and method s of prevention. The goals were met.
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