Information security issues in the implementation of CALS

Contents
Introduction…………………………………………………………...…… 3
1. Product lifecycle …………………………………………………….…… 3
2. The concept of CALS-technology.……..…………………………………. 4
3. Information protection during implementation of CALS ………………… 6
Conclusion…………………………………………………………………. 8
References………………………………………………………………… 9
Dictionary ………………………….……………………………………. 9

INTRODUCTION
The goal of any business is profit, the efficiency of the business. One of the characteristic features of modern industrial production is strict requirements for the competitiveness of products. That, in turn, requires a rapid pace of development and launch of products in production and imposes high requirements on the quality of the product, its compliance with the market.
This was made possible largely due to the widespread introduction of CALS first, then the organization of data exchange between design and production systems and at the present stage the creation of systems that fully describe the life cycle of the product from the concept to the description of the technological processes of its manufacture and operation.
PRODUCT LIFECYCLE
The lifecycle of a product (HCI), as defined by its ISO 9004-1 standard, is a set of processes performed from the moment of identification of the needs of society in a certain product to the moment of satisfaction of these needs and disposal of the product [2].
Product lifecycle — all stages of the "life" of the product. It includes the stages of design ideas, design and technological preparation of production, manufacture, maintenance, disposal, etc. It is mainly used in relation to complex high-tech products enterprises.
In accordance with GOST 2.101-68, the following types of products are installed: parts; assembly units (units); complexes; sets; units.
A product in mechanical engineering is an object or set of production items to be manufactured at the enterprise. A product can be a machine, a machine element, or even a single part, depending on what is the product of the final stage of a given production.
A complex is two or more specified products that are not connected at the manufacturer by assembly operations, but are designed to perform interrelated operational functions, for example, an automatic line. In addition to products that perform basic functions, the complex may include parts, assembly units and kits designed to perform auxiliary functions, such as parts and assembly units intended for installation of the complex at the site of its operation.
130111554165500The main stages of the life cycle of industrial products are shown in picture 1.
Picture 1. Stages of the lifecycle of industrial products and the automated systems used on them
THE CONCEPT OF CALS-TECHNOLOGY
CALS-technologies (eng. Continuous Acquisition and Life cycle Support — continuous information support of supplies and utilities) — a modern approach to the design and production of high-tech and knowledge-intensive products, which consists in the use of computer technology and modern information technologies at all stages of the utilities.
Initially, CALS was created as a set of methods and tools for solving logistics problems and the abbreviation CALS stands for Computer Aided Logistics Systems. In the future, the scope of application of CALS has expanded to cover all aspects of information support of industrial products, including design, enterprise management and technological processes. Accordingly, CALS received a new interpretation and began to be considered as Continuous Acquisition and Life cycle Support.
What is CALS in the modern sense? Several interpretations exist and are used.
In the broad sense of the word CALS is a methodology for creating a single information space of industrial products, ensuring the interaction of all industrial automated systems. In this sense, the subject of CALS are the methods and means of interaction between different speakers and their subsystems, and the speakers themselves, taking into account all types of their support. Practically synonymous with CALS in this sense is the term PLM, widely used recently by leading manufacturers of automated systems (AS).
In the narrow sense of the word CALS is a technology of integration of various speakers with the linguistic, information, program, mathematical, methodical, technical and organizational types of providing.
Due to the continuous information support is provided by uniform ways of process control and interaction of all participants of this cycle: customers, products, suppliers/producers, operating and maintenance personnel. Information support is implemented in accordance with the requirements of the system of international standards governing the rules of this interaction mainly through electronic data exchange.
IPI (information support of product life cycle processes) is a Russian-language analogue of the concept of CALS.
The CALS strategy combines the following basic principles:
- application of modern information technologies (electronic data exchange, multi-user databases, distributed decision support systems, virtual enterprise);
- the unity of data presentation and interpretation in the processes of information exchange between the speakers and their subsystems, which leads to the development of ontologies of applications and corresponding languages of data presentation;
- availability of information for all participants of the housing and communal services at any time and in any place, which ensures the use of modern telecommunication technologies;
- engineering and re-engineering of business processes;
- support of combined (parallel) product design procedures;
- unification and standardization of means of joint use of AS and electronic exchange on data;
- integration of education and production, training and retraining of specialists, connection of production efficiency with the quality of training and retraining of specialists.
The purpose of the implementation of the CALS-strategy – qualitative increase of efficiency of activity due to acceleration of the processes of research, development and production [2].The use of CALS-technologies can significantly reduce the amount of design work, as the description of many components of equipment, machines and systems, designed earlier, are stored in unified data formats of network servers, available to any user of CALS technologies. It is much easier to solve the problems of maintainability, integration of products into various systems and environments, adaptation to changing conditions of operation, specialization of design organizations, etc. it is assumed that success in the market of complex technical products will be unthinkable outside of CALS technologies.
The essence of the concept of CALS –in the organization of a common information space (integrated information environment), combining automated systems, designed for effective solving of engineering activities and for planning and management of production and enterprise resources.
INFORMATION PROTECTION DURING IMPLEMENTATION OF CALS
The introduction of CALS methods is aimed at the sharing of information in electronic form. Some of this information may be subject to the regulations of the Russian Federation on the protection of information, because it is associated with commercial and state secrets.
Close relations with external participants, development of partnerships increase the risks of information security violations and require active control and guarantee the integrity and reliability of the information used.
This requires work on risk management in the field of information security, namely:
- determination of the scale of protective measures;
- definition and classification of information to be shared;
- definition of security threats and security requirements;
- selection of measures for information protection [3].
Knowing what information is to be shared, determining the degree of confidentiality and related information flows, it is necessary to determine the likely risks in the field of information security. The main threat in the CALS environment can be:
- disruption of system continuity;
- unauthorized access to systems or data;
- unauthorized modification of data;
- unauthorized disclosure of data;
- insufficient resources of the system [2].
In addition, in the electronic data exchange there is a risk of refusal of the committed action both on the part of the sender and the recipient.
The feasibility of each of these threats should be compared with the cost of protection against it and, on this basis, to determine the scope of protection measures.
The authenticity of a document can be established on the basis of two procedures that determine it: authenticity – integrity of the document, identification – authorship of the document. For a paper document, authenticity and identification are ensured by the examination of the signature and the seal due to the continuity of the paper document. For electronic documents, this verification is provided by the electronic signature mechanism.
Electronic digital signature - the detail of the electronic document intended for protection of this electronic document against forgery received as a result of cryptographic transformation of information with use of the private key of the electronic digital signature and allowing to identify the owner of the certificate of the key of the signature, and also to establish absence of distortion of information in the electronic document [3].
An electronic digital signature in an electronic document is equivalent to a handwritten signature in a paper document, subject to the following conditions:
- the certificate of the signature key relating to this electronic digital signature has not lost force (valid) at the time of check or at the time of writing of the electronic document in the presence of the proofs defining the moment of signing;
- confirmed the authenticity of the digital signature in the electronic document;
- electronic digital signature is used in accordance with the information specified in the certificate of the signature key.
CONCLUSION
The development of CALS technologies should lead to the emergence of so-called virtual productions, in which the process of creating specifications with information for software-controlled technological equipment sufficient for the manufacture of the product can be distributed in time and space between many organizational and Autonomous project studios. Among the undoubted achievements of CALS-technologies it should be noted the ease of advanced design solutions, the possibility of multiple reproduction of the project in new developments, etc.
The concept of CALS is implemented in the form of appropriate CALS-technologies and defines a set of rules, regulations, standards, interaction of participants in the design, production, testing, etc.
The purpose of CALS technologies is to provide the necessary information at the right time, in the right form, in a particular place to any of the participants in the life cycle of industrial products.
REFERENCES
The automation of product lifecycle management:
https://infopedia.su/17x63c4.htmlhttps://studfiles.net/preview/2703314/page:24/https://studizba.com/lectures/10-informatika-i-programmirovanie/269-cals-tehnologii/3411-57-zaschita-informacii-pri-vnedrenii-cals.html
DICTIONARY
automation – автоматизация
profit – прибыль, выгода
a requirement- требование
competitiveness - конкурентоспособность
compliance -соответствие
manufacture - производство
identification - идентификация
disposal - удаление
preparation - подготовка
maintenance- поддержка
an enterprise - предприятие
Continuous Acquisition and Life cycle Support (CALS) - непрерывное приобретение и поддержка жизненного цикла
an assembly unit – сборочная единица
mechanical engineering - машиностроение
a machine – машина, механизм
an integral part – неотъемлемая часть
an assembly operation – сборочная операция
screwing - завинчивание
an interrelated operational function – взаимосвязанная эксплуатационная функция
an auxiliary function- вспомогательная функция
installation - установка
PLM-system – система жизненного цикла изделия
a software application – программное приложение
implementation - реализация
a consumer - заказчик
to work out – разрабатывать
sequence - последовательность
a specific time frame – конкретные временные рамки
an automated system – автоматизированная система
interaction – взаимодействие
modification - модификация
utilities – коммунальные услуги
an abbreviation - аббревиатура
a new interpretation – новая интерпретация
a methodology - методология
an analogue - аналог
availability - доступность
an ontology - онтология
unification - объединение
external participants – внешние участники
security threats – угроза безопасности
confidentiality – конфиденциальность
disruption – нарушение
unauthorized access –несанкционированный доступ
electronic data exchange – электронный обмен данными
feasibility - осуществимость
authenticity of a document – подлинность документа
an electronic digital signature – электронная цифровая подпись
a handwritten signature – собственноручная подпись
signature key – ключ подписи