Проработать задание 4ех текстов по английскому языку

Water Supply

I. Vocabulary Work.

1. To check or build up your active vocabulary on this subject, look at the words and word combinations listed on this page.

amount (n) - количество

body of water - водный массив

consumption (n) - потребление

to contain (v) - содержать, сдерживать

contamination (n) - загрязнение (заражение)

to convert (v) (into) - превращать

cycle (n) - цикл

to demand (v) - требовать

disastrous (adj) - катастрофический

domestic (adj) - домашний, внутренний

to elaborate (v) - разрабатывать, уточнять

to evaporate (v) - испарять(-ся)

evident (adj) - очевидный

to foul (v) - загрязнять(-ся)

impervious (adj) (to sth) - непроницаемый

inland lakes - материковые озёра

maintenance (n) - поддержка, содержание,

обслуживание

moisture (n) - влага

natural water sources - естественные источники воды

palatable (adj) - вкусный, приятный

pollution (n) - загрязнение

to provide (v) (with sth) - снабжать, предоставлять

purity (n) - беспримесность

rainfall (n) - количество осадков

sanitary (adj) - санитарный, гигиенический

satisfactory (adj) - удовлетворительный

to saturate (v) - насыщать

sewage disposal system - система удаления сточных вод

stratum (n) - слой, пласт

sufficient (adj) - достаточный

to surround (v) - окружать

through the medium - при помощи, посредством

to undergo (v) (underwent, undergone) - подвергать(-ся)

undersoil (n) - подпочва

 

2. Form nouns from the listed verbs by adding the suffixes “-tion”, “-ion”. Translate them. Use a dictionary if necessary.

to locate, to distribute, to saturate, to classify, to connect, to complete, to pollute, to situate, to consume, to populate, to contaminate, to create.

3. Match these words with the definitions below:

to supply, treatment, water, satisfactory, maintenance, to purify.

1 – adequate or suitable, acceptable;

2 – the correction or prevention of faults, the replacement of parts;

3 – to furnish with something that is required; to provide;

4 – to free something of extraneous, contaminating matter;

5 – the manner of handling or dealing with a person or thing;

6 – a clear colourless tasteless odourless liquid that is essential for plant and animal life and constitutes;

4. What are the opposites?

To clean,

in limited quantity,

disastrous,

latent,

external,

containing some admixtures

5. Match the adjectives on the left with the nouns on the right.

1. natural	1. importance
2. inland	2. standard
3. disastrous	3. sources
4. palatable	4. quantity
5. unlimited	5. results
6. high	6. task
7. prime	7. water
8. satisfactory	8. lakes
9. sanitary	9. purposes
10. engineering	10. supply

6. Translate the following sentences into Russian.

- A man needs great amount of water for the satisfaction of all his requirements.

- The amount of water required by a community varies with the population.

- Water consumption is the total amount of water which is necessary for the satisfaction of all requirements of a community or an industrial enterprise.

- The rate of the specific water consumption changes with the growth of cultural level of the population.

- The demands of the population and national economy in water are satisfied by the combination of the engineering measures.

- Combination of engineering measures is called water supply.

- Special installations intake, purify, preserve and deliver water to the consumers.

- A man consumes a very small amount of water per day as a beverage.

- The water consumed by a man in other ways is used in laundries, bathes, kitchens, industrial plants and other places.

- Protection against fire is one of the important functions of a waterworks system.

 

II. Reading Comprehension.

1. First skim the following text. You will probably come across a number of words you don’t know. Don’t stop to look up these words, but try to understand the main points of the text. Then read it again very carefully. Try to grasp both the central idea and the details. Use a dictionary if necessary.

Water Supply

Water is an important part of nature which surrounds us and of those natural conditions we are changing constantly and ever more intensively: the flora, the soil, the mountains, mineral resources, the deserts, the marshes, the steppes and the taiga.

Water passes through a very interesting natural cycle. The atmosphere which surrounds

the earth's surface contains water which varies in amount in direct proportion to the temperature of its gases. Water is also evaporated into atmosphere. Atmosphere which has become saturated with water precipitates its moisture when the temperature lowers. This phenomenon is termed rainfall. The moisture falls to the earth and finds its way into a number of reservoirs provided by nature.

Vast depressions in the earth are filled with water through the medium of natural water sources such as rivers, lakes, etc. over the earth's surface. These bodies of water are classified as inland lakes and are excellent sources of water.

Sometimes the rainfall finds its way into the soil and forms water bodies at various levels because of the impervious nature of the under soil. Often a water body deep in the soil consists of a sand or gravel stratum which connects or empties into the basin of an inland lake and provides a splendid source of water supply through the medium of a drilled well.

Man uses water for domestic and sanitary purposes and returns it to the source through sewage disposal system. Industry likewise replaces water diverted to its use. Hence the cycle is completed but it is of prime importance that the supply be protected against pollution, for if it fouls no one can predict how disastrous may be the results.

An adequate supply of pure, wholesome and palatable water is essential to the maintenance of high standards of health and to provide the convenience modem society demands. In some localities water is available in unlimited quantities and converting it to use is not a difficult problem. This is especially true of towns situated on large inland lakes or rivers. On the other hand there are cities where geographical location requires elaborate systems of water supply, and to provide the satisfactory supply of water in these localities becomes a large engineering task.

The importance of a sufficient supply of water for domestic and industrial purpose has long been a deciding factor in the location of cities. The earliest settlers realized this need and took advantage of natural water sources by establishing colonies in close proximity to them.

 

Water may be taken from any sources of water for human consumption after it has undergone a preliminary treatment to assure its purity. As man's communities grew in population, the demand for water increased and the need for protection of the source of water supply against the possibility of contamination became evident. Progress and civilization have called for elaboration of various systems and methods of water treatment.

 

2. Answer the following comprehension questions. Try to mention as many facts, actions and features as possible.

1. What cycle does water pass through?

2. What does the term “rainfall” mean?

3. What can provide a source of water supply through the medium of a drilled well?

4. For which purposes does man use water?

5. Why is an adequate supply of pure water important?

6. How is it possible to take advantage of natural water sources which are in close proximity to settlements?

7. What can assure the purity of water?

8. Why does the protection of water sources become evident?

 

III. Comprehension and Word Study.

1. Name the sentence which best reveals the main idea of the text.

1. On the earth water can be obtained from different natural sources.

2. At present the problems of water supply and treatment are the most essential for mankind.

3. Water taken from natural sources such as rivers and lakes often requires aeration.

 

2. Choose one of the variants (a, b, c, d) to complete the sentences according to the text.

1. An adequate supply of pure wholesome and palatable water...

a) ...is especially true of towns situated on large inland lakes or rivers,

b) ...is essential for the maintenance of high standards of health,

c) ...may be taken from any source of water,

d) ...should be protected from contamination by filtration.

2. There are cities whose geographical location...

a) ...makes water pass through a very interesting cycle of treatment,

b) ...requires elaborate systems of water supply.

c) ...makes the problem of water supply very difficult.

d) ...calls for modern systems of water treatment.

3. The earliest settlers took advantage of natural water sources by...

a) ...building water power stations on them,

b) ...establishing their colonies near them,

c) ...providing sufficient water supply for their needs,

d) ...using water without much preliminary treatment.

4. Due to man's vast activities at the present time...

a) ...various systems and methods of water treatment are required,

b) ...water must be obtained in unlimited quantities,

c) ...many inland lakes cannot be used as sources of water supply,

d) ...splendid sources of water supply are drilled wells.

 

3. Translate the sentences below paying attention to the words in bold type.

1. This is especially true of towns situated on large inland rivers and lakes.

2. The earlier colonies were usually situated near natural water sources.

3. An adequate supply of water is essential to satisfy modern society demands.

4. To maintain high standards of health modern society demands an adequate supply of water.

5. Natural water sources can wholly supply the need for water in this town.

6. The term "well" may not mean a dug or sunk well but a service pool adopted as a communal or regular water supply.

7. This kind of water distribution system cannot be adopted in this locality.

8. The possibility of contamination became evident for the community grew in population and the demand for water increased.

9. Industry replaces water diverted to its use.

10. The attention was diverted from this problem.

 

 

 

From the History of Water Supply

I. Vocabulary work.

1. Study your active vocabulary. Read the English words and find their Russian equivalents in the right column:

alternate (adj)	1. переменный (через день)
campaign (n)	2. общественный
cistern (n)	3. прототип
civilized (adj)	4. примитивный
company (n)	5. бак
decree (n)	6. цивилизованный
fountain (n)	7. кампания
impracticable (adj)	8. фонтан
primitive (adj)	9. регулярный
project (n)	10. компания
prototype (n)	11. проект
public (adj)	12. декрет
regular (adj)	13. неосуществимый
tank (n)	14. цистерна
to train (v)	15. тренировать(-ся)

2. Try to remember the following words and word combinations:

acute (adj)	- острый
conduit (n)	- трубопровод
counterpart (n)	- прототип, дубликат
decay (v)	- разрушаться, распадаться, угасать
device (n)	- прибор
gushing spring	- бьющий, фонтанирующий источник
intake (n)	- потребление
large-scale scheme	- крупномасштабный проект
medieval (adj)	- средневековый
outbreak (n)	- вспышка
outlet (n)	- сток, вытекание

public fountains	- общественные колодцы
running water	- водопровод
sewer (n)	- сточная труба
surface pool	- поверхностный водоем
water distribution system	- водопроводная система
water hole	- колодец

3. Choose the most suitable of the four given words to complete each of the sentences below:

1. Water is one of the main … in man’s life.

a) factors b) desires c) abilities d) necessities

 

2. Man copied nature when constructing water … and water distribution systems.

a) basins b) reservoirs c) tanks d) systems

 

3. Many of the so-called “wells” of medieval Britain were …

a) gushing springs b) pools c) ponds d) lakes

4. The fast development of industry in our country has made the problem of water supply very …

a) simple b) interesting c) acute d) minor

 

5. Our state pays great attention to the … of natural water sources.

a) development b) construction c) treatment d) preservation

 

6. Nature has provided … for most of man’s devices.

a) plans b) preservation c) archetype d) prototypes

 

7. With the appearance of the first water companies the water supply was …

a) satisfactory b) far from being satisfactory c) flourishing d) declining

4. Choose synonyms from the second and third columns to the words in the first column:

1. system	1. tool	1. copy
2. device	2. keen	2. to deteriorate
3. counterpart	3. to demand	3. to employ
4. acute	4. orderliness	4. machine
5. to decay	5. duplicate	5. complex
6. to use	6. to consume	6. crucial
7. to require	7. to decline	7. to call for

5. Match these words with the definitions below:

Conduit, outlet, impracticable, counterpart, outbreak, acute, sewer, reservoir.

1 – of extreme importance;

2 – an opening or vent permitting escape or release;

3 – a pipe or channel for carrying a fluid;

4 – a drain or pipe, especially one that is underground, used to carry away surface water or sewage;

5 – incapable of being put into practice or accomplished; not feasible;

6 – a natural or artificial lake or large tank used for collecting and storing water, especially for community water supply or irrigation;

7 – a person or thing identical to or closely resembling another;

8 – a sudden, violent or spontaneous occurrence;

 

6. Make up your own sentences using the following words and word combinations:

Water distribution system, gushing spring, running water, conduit, large-scale schemes, counterpart.

 

II. Reading Comprehension.

 

1. Read and translate the following text. Consult a dictionary if necessary.

 

From the History of Water Supply

 

Water is power not only in the hydraulic sense, but in relation to progress and culture; campaigns as well as fortresses have been lost, projects rendered impracticable and communities have decayed, for want of water.

Nature has provided prototypes for most of man's devices and, just as the streams and rivers anticipated water distribution systems, so tanks, cisterns and reservoirs have their natural counterparts in water-holes and natural pools.

Long after man had found ways and means to organize water supplies, find them where they were hidden and lead them to where he wanted them, streams and pools in their natural state have served as communal water supplies, even in more or less civilized Europe.

Many of the so-called «wells» of medieval Britain, for example, were untouched pools or gushing springs. The same applies of course to a great many "wells of the East" and in old writings the term "well" may not mean a dug well at all but a surface pool adopted as a communal or regular water supply.

The history of conduits or public fountains as communal water supplies starts at least as far back as the 13th century. In the "conduit age" — the centuries immediately following the Middle Ages a water carrier was a common sight.

The 17th century marks the beginning of the new order in communal organization and in relation to water supply, the beginning of large-scale schemes.

All through London’s history until modern times, the question of water supply continued to be a problem. In the 18th century even with the appearance of larger water companies the water supply was far from being satisfactory. It was a usual practice at the time to lay on water for two hours every second day.

At York, before the formation of the present water company in 1846 one half of the city was supplied for 2 hours on Mondays, Wednesdays and Fridays and the other half on Tuesdays, Thursdays and Saturdays, no supply being given on Sundays.

Water drawn from the river Thames was in a state that was offensive to the sight as the intake was found to be only three yards from the outlet of a great sewer. As a matter of fact it took 2 outbreaks of cholera to pass a Bill for an improved water supply in the middle of the 19th century.

In our country, at the time of the Revolution of 1917, only one third of the towns had running water laid on, and then as a rule, only in the central part of the town. In the pre-war

period of industrial development running water reached millions of flats all over the country. Water supply systems were built in Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Georgia, the Ukraine. But many of the systems and practically all in the western and central parts of European Russia, were destroyed during the war and had to be built anew.

Fresh water shortage was first mentioned soon after the end of the Second World War. The first to feel the stint was Europe. The problem came to many as a complete surprise, something in the nature of an unexpected “catastrophe”. This catastrophe, however, should have been foreseen, for it follows logically from the development of human life on our planet and of Man’s industrial activity.

In the absence of centralized water supply, a man can do with about 25 liters of water a day for his various personal needs. But in the modern city water consumption per person is much higher. An average from 300 to 500 liters of water is spent daily on household and sanitary needs per one inhabitant of a modern city. You can see this vastly exceeds the necessary minimum of 25 liters. Why does the discrepancy (difference) exist? Not because people leave their taps open. Because water is so abundant no one thinks twice about taking a shower or a bath, using the washing machine, washing the car, etc. The volume of water consumption is indicative not only of the efficiency of the water supply but also of the population’s living standards.

The speedy industrialization of our country has made the problem of water very acute. We need 3.5 liters of water to produce a kilogram of dry cement, 10 liters to produce one liter of petrol, 100 liters to produce one kilogram of paper, and so on.

The earth has as much water as it ever had: no more, no less. But with every year the population of the world gets larger and larger.

In the climb up the ladder of civilization, first things come first; one of those things is certainly a clean, plentiful and convenient water supply in all parts of the world.

In spite of the progress made in the field of water supply in many countries, there is much to be done yet.

2. Answer the following comprehension questions:

1. What kind of prototypes for most man’s devices has the nature provided?

2. When did the history of conduits start?

3. What did man use first as a regular water supply?

4. Which period is called “conduit age”?

5. Does the quantity of water on our planet decrease?

6. Why was it important to pass a Bill for an improved water supply in Britain in the middle of the 19th century?

7. Is the water supply in our country satisfactory nowadays?

8. Why it is necessary to improve water supply systems?

III. Comprehension and Word Study.

1. Which of the sentences below best reveal the main idea of the text? Put the jumbled sentences in the right order (according to the text).

1. People began to build large scale water projects only in the 17th century.

2. Water is one of the most important factors for the existence of a community.

3. In many parts of the Earth people suffer from insufficient supply of pure wholesome water.

4. Man's devices for water storage and distribution have their prototypes in nature.

5. Water taken from its natural sources—ground lakes or rivers—contain many harmful elements.

6. In the 18th and 19th centuries the problem of water supply in the Metropolis of Great Britain was still very acute and the great city was constantly suffering from the shortage of water supply.

7. Present day water consumers are used to constant water supply

2. In this exercise you must choose the phrase which best completes each sentence according to the text. Indicate a, b, c or d against the number of each item for the phrase you choose:

1. Water is a great power not only in the hydraulic sense...

a) ...because in many countries the problem of water supply is very acute;

b) ...because the changing of the composition of natural water resources is the result of the development of human society;

c) ...because water is one of the main factors in the life of community;

d) ...because highly industrialized countries suffer from the contamination of water.

 

2. Long after man had found means to organize water supplies...

a) ...in many countries there is much to be done in the field of water supply;

b) ...we are now used to constant water supply;

c) ...rivers, streams and pools in their natural state served as communal water supplies;

d) ...he used water for domestic and sanitary purposes.

 

3. Many of the so-called “wells” of medieval Britain …

a) … continue to be the best water sources up to the present day;

b) … have been totally contaminated recently;

c) … were untouched pools or gushing springs;

d) … are adopted as a communal or regular water supply in the last century.

 

3. Translate the Russian words given in brackets:

1. Some projects of new (водоочистительные станции) are being elaborated to satisfy the growing needs of water.

2. (Чистая) water is a poor conductor of electricity; it (подвергается) limited self-ionization into hydronium and hydroxyl ions.

3. Water drawn from a river is not (питьевая).

4. The requirements of (подачи воды) in Belarus both for the people and industry are fully met by some water treatment stations.

5. (Водопровод) was long a luxury for many countries.

6. Tanks, cisterns and reservoirs have their (прототипы) in water-holes and natural pools.

7. Long ago (поверхностные водоемы) were adopted as a communal or regular water supply.

8. The history of (трубопровода) or (общественных колодцев) as communal water supplies starts at least as far back as the 13th century.

4. Translate the words, choose one from each line, which best suits the sentences below.

1. water, watering, watery, waterless;

2. play, played, player, playful;

3. civilize, civilized, civility, civilizations;

4. carry, carrier, carriage, carrying;

5. drinking, drink, drinker, drinkable;

6. increase, increases, increasingly, increased;

7. progressive, progression, progress, progressed;

8. continue, continued, continuity, continuous.

1. There is no life without …

2. Water … an important part in man’s progress.

3. Ancient … rose on the banks of the Nile, the Tigris and other rivers.

4. In Africa housewives spent most of their time … a few liters of water from springs which were sometimes 15 kilometers away.

5. People use water not only for …

6. With every year the population of the world …

7. In spite of the … made in the field of water supply, there is much to be done yet.

8. The question of water supply … to be a problem.

 

V. Writing Section.

1. Translate the text using a dictionary.

Pipe Sizes. To determine pipe sizes in larger hot-water installations, calculations based on the quantity of hot water needed should be made, although previous experience generally provides satisfactory “rule of thumb” guidance.

Any system providing hot water is known as “domestic”, we must limit our concern to the average small-house installation.

In general, the back-boiler used measures about 250 mm in length and about 200 mm from back to front, and 150 or 180 mm deep. With an ordinary fire, a boiler of this size provides enough heating surface to keep the cylinder supplied with hot water.

The primary circulation pipes are normally 19 mm diameter lead or copper pipes. They should not be less and, if the cylinder is a large one, 25 mm circulation pipes should be used.

The expansion pipe must be equal in size to the circulation pipes, and is usually 19 mm in diameter.

There should be no restrictions in the supply pipe to a bath, so that a 19 mm tap is needed.

Heating by Hot Water. The term “central heating” applied to the heating of domestic and other building indicates that the whole of a building is heated from a central source. Usually it is an independent boiler, fired by solid fuel, gas, electricity or fuel oil.

The boiler is generally placed at the lowest available point in the building, having regard at the same time to convenience of stoking and delivery of fuel.

Sources of Drinking Water

I. Vocabulary Work.

1. To check or build up your active vocabulary on this subject, look at the words and word combinations listed on this page.

adjustment (n)	- регулирование, подгонка
borehole (n)	- буровая скважина
catchment (n)	- дренаж
clarity (n)	- чистота, прозрачность
to condense (v)	- конденсировать
constituent (n)	- составная часть
content (n)	- содержание; содержимое
deep (adj)	- глубокий
to dissolve (v)	- растворять (-ся)
to emerge (v)	- появляться
to extract (v)	- извлекать
generation (n)	- генерация, образование (пара)
groundwater (n)	- грунтовая вода; подпочвенные воды
hallow (adj)	- поверхностный, мелкий
to harvest (v)	- пожинать плоды
headwaters (n)	- главный водосбор; головное водохранилище; воды с верховьев
to pump (v)	- качать; работать насосом
to reduce (v)	- уменьшать, снижать, сокращать
to restrict (v)	- ограничивать
soil (n)	- почва
solid (n)	- твердое тело
soluble (adj)	- растворимый
spring (n)	- источник
stratum (n) (pl. strata)	- пласт, слой
vapour (n)	- пар
well (n)	- колодец

2. Match the words with the definition below:

 

to dissolve, to emerge, to pump, to extract, to condense, to reduce, to restrict, to harvest

 

1. to become or cause to become liquid; melt;

2. to raise or drive (air, liquid, etc. into or from something) with a pump or similar device;

3. to change or cause to change from a gaseous to a liquid or solid state;

4. to confine or keep within certain often specified limits or selected bounds;

5. to receive (benefits, consequences, etc.);

6. to make or become smaller in size, number, extent, degree, intensity, etc.;

7. to obtain (a substance) from a mixture or material by a chemical or physical process, such as digestion, distillation, the action of a solvent, or mechanical separation;

8. to come into view.

3. Choose from the second and third columns the synonyms to the words in the first column:

1. clarity	1. to raise	1. answered
2. adjustment	2. clearness	2. transparency
3. constituent	3. to obtain	3. to withdraw
4. to emerge	4. fitting	4. to lessen
5. to reduce	5. dissolved	5. moisture
6. to extract	6. to appear	6. to keep within
7. to restrict	7. smoke	7. ingredient
8. to pump	8. to confine	8. to drive
9. soluble	9. component	9. regulating
10. vapour	10. to lower	10. to rise up from

4. Form all possible word combinations using the words of both columns and translate them into Russian:

1. shallow	a) lakes
2. ground	b) vapour
3. water	c) water
4. drinking	d) disinfection
5. rain	e) groundwaters
6. upland	f) plant
7. bacterial	g) purposes
8. land	h) reservoirs

9. to collect	i) sources
10. treatment	j) contamination

5. Complete the text below by filling each gap with one of the following words:

fresh water, ground water, quality, systems, pollution, resources, formations.

Ground Water

Ninety-five per cent of all 1_____ available on earth (exclusive of icecaps) is 2_____ . Ground water – water found in natural underground rock 3____ called aquifers – is a vital natural resource with many uses. The extent of the Nation’s ground water 4 _____ is enormous. At least 60 % of the land area in the conterminous United States overlies aquifers. Usable ground water exists in every state.

Aquifers can range in size from thin surficial formations that yield small quantities of ground water to large 5_____ such as the High Plains aquifer that underlies eight western States and provides water to millions. Although most of the Nation’s ground water is considered to be of good 6____ an increasing number of 7____ events have threatened the integrity of the resource.

 

6. Define what parts of speech the words given in bold type are and translate the following sentences:

 

1. This water treatment system functions perfectly.

2. The functions of the system were predetermined.

3. The control of water treatment without special appliances was extremely difficult.

4. In order to control the operation of a pump one must have special knowledge in pumping engineering.

5. That new device could control the operation automatically.

6. At the last seminar we discussed control system concepts.

7. These are control devices for they control the performance of all mechanisms at the station.

8. This water treatment system is continuously under control.

9. A new water supply equipment houses a lot of up-to-date devices with control appliances.

10. These houses are supplied with running water.

 

7. Choose the appropriate words and word combinations from the list below for translating the Russian words and word combinations in brackets:

 

Water Supply Standards

 

Codes of practice in many developing countries have been inherited from former colonial administrations. While these codes were originally intended to be applied in quite different (обстоятельствах). Critical (обзор) of existing standards may (раскрыть) that many more people can be served within the same overall budget.

Computer programs are (доступны) that make it easy for designers to (изучить) the effects of setting parameters more appropriate to the community being served, rather than adopting imported criteria. These programs are being applied as a (установившаяся практика) in a number of countries (India, Burma, the Philippines, Indonesia, China, Sri Lanka, Thailand and Pakistan); they (позволяют) planners to design cost-effective distribution (сети) at perhaps half the cost of conventional networks.

A case study from the Philippines, probably typical of 40 systems (улучшенных) by the

Local Water Utilities Administration with World Bank (при поддержке), reports that design modifications resulted in per capita costs falling from $45 to $25, nearly a 45 (процентное) saving. Typically, these economies result from changes such as allowing smaller diameter (трубы) where flows are small, (понижение) minimum pressure requirements where buildings are single-story, and designing for the likely service mix rather than assuming that everyone will be able to afford their own connection.

 

Lowering, improved, examine, enable, support, percent, circumstances, networks, review, a matter of routine, reveal, pipes, available.

 

8. Translate the following sentences into Russian.

Different kinds of water possess different qualities.

The water of different qualities is supplied by different kinds of water lines.

Water used for domestic purposes must possess some special qualities.

There must be no organic and insoluble mineral admixtures and disease bacteria in potable and domestic water.

According to the general source and the method of collection the sources of water supply are divided into different classes.

Special installations and engineering works are used for water treatment.

Special settling basins and different kinds of filters are used for purification and filtration of water.

 

 

Reading Comprehension

1. Read and translate the following text. Consult a dictionary if necessary.

Sources of Drinking Water

1. Deep groundwater. The water emerging from some deep ground water may have fallen as rain many decades, hundreds, thousands or in some cases millions of years ago. Soil and rock layers naturally filter the ground water to a high degree of clarity before it is pumped to the treatment plant. Such water may emerge as springs, artesian springs, or may be extracted from boreholes or wells. Deep ground water is generally of very high bacteriological quality (i.e., pathogenic bacteria such as Campylobacter or the pathogenic protozoa Cryptosporidium and Giardia are typically absent), but the water typically is rich in dissolved solids, especially carbonates and sulfates of calcium and magnesium. Depending on the strata through which the water has flowed, other ions may also be present including chloride, and bicarbonate. There may be a requirement to reduce the iron or manganese content of this water to make it pleasant for drinking, cooking, and laundry use. Disinfection may also be required. Where groundwater recharge is practiced, it is equivalent to lowland surface waters for treatment purposes.

2. Shallow groundwaters: Water emerging from shallow groundwaters is usually abstracted from wells or boreholes. The bacteriological quality can be variable depending on the nature of the catchment. A variety of soluble materials may be present including (rarely) potentially toxic metals such as zinc, copper or arsenic. Arsenic contamination of groundwater is a serious problem in some areas, notably from shallow wells in Bangladesh and West Bengal in the Ganges Delta.

3. Upland lakes and reservoirs: Typically located in the headwaters of river systems, upland reservoirs are usually sited above any human habitation and may be surrounded by a protective zone to restrict the opportunities for contamination. Bacteria and pathogen levels are usually low, but some bacteria, protozoa or algae will be present. Where uplands are forested or peaty, humic acids can color the water. Many upland sources have low pH, which require adjustment.

4. Rivers, canals and low land reservoirs: Low land surface waters will have a significant bacterial load and may also contain algae, suspended solids and a variety of dissolved constituents.

5. Atmospheric water generation is a new technology that can provide high quality drinking water by extracting water from the air by cooling the air and thus condensing water vapour.

6. Rainwater harvesting or fog collection which collect water from the atmosphere can be used especially in areas with significant dry seasons and in areas which experience fog even when there is little rain.

2. Answer the following comprehension questions:

1. What are the main sources of drinking water?

2. What does naturally filter the groundwater to a high degree of clarity?

3. Why are treatment plans needed?

4. What can you say about the quality of deep groundwater?

5. What is the source of shallow ground waters?

6. What can you say about the quality of shallow ground waters?

7. Which source of drinking water is provided by extracting water from the air?

8. Which source of drinking water is more often used in our country?

When you have answered the questions find a partner in your group. Compare your answers and swap the information.

III. Comprehension and Word Study.

1. Translate into Russian:

drinking water, rock layers, treatment plant, high quality, dissolved solids, lowland surface waters, treatment purposes, soluble materials, potentially toxic metals, upland reservoirs, protective zone, bacteria level, fog collection.

2. Give English interpretation of the following Russian words:

конденсирование пара, природный фильтр, степень прозрачности, требовать подгонки, высокое качество питьевой воды, тип дренажа, мелкие колодцы, нерастворимые компоненты, засушливый сезон, уменьшать содержание железа, извлекать воду из воздуха, приятный на вкус.

3. Complete the sentences by matching a line from column A with a line from column B:

A	B
1. The water emerging from some deep groundwaters may have fallen…	a) …may be surrounded by a protective zone to restrict the opportunities for contamination.
2. Deep groundwater is …	b) … extracting water from the air.
3. Water emerging from shallow groundwaters is…	c) … have a significant bacterial load.
4. The bacteriological quality can be variable …	d) … as rain many decades or even hundreds of years ago.
5. Upland lakes and reservoirs …	e) … usually abstracted from wells or boreholes.
6. Low land reservoirs …	f) … generally of very high bacteriological quality.
7. Atmospheric water generation can provide	g) … depending on the nature of the catchment.

high quality drinking water by …

4. Decide whether these sentences are true or false. Choose the false statements and tell your partners why they are incorrect:

1. After soil and rock layers filter the groundwater it can be used as a drinking water.

2. Disinfection is required only for low land reservoirs.

3. Deep ground water may emerge as springs, or may be extracted from wells or boreholes.

4. Deep ground water is generally of very low bacteriological quality.

5. Water abstracted from wells or boreholes doesn’t require any treatment.

6. Shallow groundwaters are usually cited close to human habitation.

7. Many upland sources have low pH which is ideal for drinking water.

8. Collecting water from the atmosphere is especially suitable for our country.

9. Rivers and low land reservoirs may contain a variety of dissolved constituents.

5. Here are the answers to the questions which you are to compose:

Yes, it does. I think, drinking water requires some treatment before being used.

No, it is not. One cannot tell whether water is safe to drink just by looking at it.

Yes, it does. Water passes through natural filter before it is pumped to the treatment plant.

This water is abstracted from wells or boreholes.

Because water may contain a variety of soluble materials.

Where uplands are forested or peaty.

Fog collection can be used in areas which experience fog even when there is little rain.

6. In each line choose the word which is opposite to the meaning of the first word.

1. complicated a) expensive b) simple c) similar d) numerous

2. shortage a) current b) delay c) distance d) plenty

3. to remain a) to supply b) to treat c) to leave d) to stretch

4. huge a) small b) available c) free d) hard

5. repair a) pay b) surface c) damage d) well

6. the same a) due b) total c) different d) essential

7. small a) soluble b) main c) huge d) shallow

*

Make up sentences with the words which come first in each line.

IV. Speaking Practice.

1. Get ready to speak in detail about main sources of drinking water.

2. Reproduce the following dialogues by interpreting their Russian parts into English.

Dialogue 1.

A: Into what kinds are water lines divided?

В: Водопроводы делятся на хозяйственные, промышленные и противопожарные.

A: According to what principles are water lines divided?

В: Водопроводы делятся на разные группы в соответствии с их назначением.

A: And why are water lines divided into domestic, industrial and fire extinguishing?

В: Вода разного качества должна подаваться различными видами водопровода. Вот почему водопроводы подразделяются на хозяйственные, промышленные и противопожарные.

Dialogue 2.

A: What are the sources of water supply?

В: Источниками водоснабжения являются поверхностные и подземные воды. Реки и озера относятся к поверхностным водам.

A: What must be done with the water taken from rivers and lakes if we want to use it as potable and domestic?

В: Вода из рек и озер должна быть тщательно обработана.

A: Why must the water taken from rivers and lakes be carefully treated?

В: Вода из рек и озер должна быть тщательно обработана потому, что в ней могут быть органические и нерастворимые минеральные примеси и болезнетворные бактерии.

A: Where is the water taken from lakes and rivers treated?

В: Вода, забираемая из рек и озер, обрабатывается в специальных установках.

Dialogue 3.

A: What qualities must potable and domestic water possess?

В: Питьевая вода и вода для хозяйственных нужд не должна иметь запаха. Она также должна быть бесцветной и прозрачной.

A: What other qualities must it possess?

В: Питьевая вода не должна иметь болезнетворных бактерий. В ней не

должно быть ни органических, ни нерастворимых примесей.

A: And how is this kind of water treated?

В: Питьевая вода тщательно дезинфицироваться. Она также очищается в специальных отстойниках и фильтрах.

A: When potable water may be delivered to the consumer?

В: Качество питьевой воды тщательно проверяется на водопроводных станциях и в специальных лабораториях и только после тщательной обработки и контроля питьевая вода может быть доставлена потребителю.