Introduction

Contents
1. Introduction...........................................................................................................3
2. Engineering............................................................................................................4
What is engineering?..................................................................................4
Types of engineering..................................................................................4
Automobile industry...................................................................................6
3. Road transportation...............................................................................................7
History of road transport...........................................................................7
Direct auto transport..................................................................................8
4. US Automobile Industry’s Share Of The Market..................................................9
“The Big Three”........................................................................................9
The future share of the market for “The Big Three”...............................10
5. Conclusion...........................................................................................................11
6. References...........................................................................................................12

Introduction
Engineering is a field of technical activity that includes a number of specialized areas and disciplines aimed at the practical application of scientific, economic, social and practical knowledge in order to turn natural resources for the benefit of man.
The goals of engineering activities are the invention, development, creation, implementation, maintenance and improvement of equipment, materials or processes.
Engineering is closely intertwined with science, relying on fundamental science and the results of applied research.
The modern understanding of engineering implies the purposeful use of scientific knowledge in the creation and operation of engineering technical devices, which are the result of the transformative activity of an engineer, and covers three types:
research (scientific and technical) activity - applied scientific research, feasibility study of planned capital investments, planning;
design - creation and testing of models of technical devices; development of technologies, packaging, transportation, storage, etc.; preparation of design / project documentation;
technological (production) activity - organizational, consulting and other activities aimed at introducing engineering developments into the practical activities of economic entities with their subsequent maintenance (technical support) and / or operation on behalf of the customer.
Engineering has changed the world greatly. In this work I will study what engineering is, the responsibilities of an engineer, types of engineering. Besides, I will consider automobile industry and auto transportation as branches of engineering.
2. Engineering
2. 1 What is Engineering?
Engineering is a scientific field and job that involves taking our scientific understanding of the natural world and using it to invent, design, and build things to solve problems and achieve practical goals. As engineering progresses, engineers must become ever more scientific and specialized.
They identify problems and use systematic approaches like the engineering design process to solve them.
What are the responsibilities of engineers? Most engineers do not literally build the things we use. Using strong understanding of Mathematics, Science, and other disciplines, they develop plans and directions for how things should be constructed. They conduct experiments and build and test prototypes to determine if ideas are feasible.
Engineers also design processes like those used in manufacturing to create chemicals and drugs. They develop the procedures for putting components together on an assembly line or preparing and packaging food products.
Engineers collaborate with professionals in many different fields, including scientists, builders of devices, social scientists, business people who market and sell products, and the wide variety of technicians and technologists who maintain and repair things.
2.1 Types of Engineering
Today the branches of engineering are so wide that it is impossible to give a satisfactory classification. But we may try to divide it into uses. The main divisions of engineering may be listed as follows:
1. Mechanical engineering.
Steam engines; internal combustion engines; turbines (steam, gas, water); pumps; compressors; machine-tools; mechanisms.
2. Electrical engineering.
a) Power: generators; motors; transformers; transmission (power lines and so on).
b) Electronics: radio, radar, television.
3. Civil engineering.
Dams; tunnels; roads; and so on.
Aerospace engineering.
Design, manufacturing and testing of aircraft and spacecraft as well as parts and components such as airframes, power plants, control and guidance systems, electrical and electronic systems, and communication and navigation systems.
Nuclear engineering.
Design, manufacturing, construction, operation and testing of equipment, systems and processes involving the production, control and detection of nuclear radiation. These systems include particle accelerators and nuclear reactors for electric power plants and ships, radioisotope production and research. Nuclear engineering also includes monitoring and protecting humans from the potentially harmful effects of radiation.
Structural engineering.
Design, construction and inspection of load-bearing structures such large commercial buildings, bridges and industrial infrastructure.
Biomedical engineering.
Designing systems, equipment and devices for use in the practice of medicine.
Chemical engineering.
Designing equipment, systems and processes for refining raw materials and for mixing, compounding and processing chemicals to make valuable products.
Computer engineering.
Designing computer hardware components, computer systems, networks and computer software.
Industrial engineering.
Designing and optimizing facilities, equipment, systems and processes for manufacturing, material processing, and any number of other work environments.
Environmental engineering.
The practice of preventing, reducing and eliminating sources of pollution that affect air, water and land. It also involves detecting and measuring pollution levels, determining sources of pollution, cleaning up and rehabilitating polluted sites and ensuring compliance with local, state and federal regulations.
Any of these branches of engineering may require the special services of the following specialists: the metallurgist; the strength of materials expert; the thermodynamics of heat expert; the mechanics or machines experts; the various production engineering experts such as the engineering designer or the tool designer; the mathematician specializing in engineering problems and many more.
The engineer must also deal with the economists to assure himself that he is producing what is wanted, and economically.
2.3 Automobile industry
The automobile (automotive) industry is a branch of engineering which comprises a wide range of companies and organizations involved in the development, manufacturing, marketing, and selling of motor vehicles. Nowadays it is one of the world's largest economic sectors.
The contribution of the automobile industry to technological progress was the introduction of full-scale mass production, a process combining precision, standardization, interchangeability, synchronization, and continuity. Mass production was an American innovation. The United States, with its large population, high standard of living, and long distances, was the natural birthplace of the technique, which had been partly explored in the 19th century. Although Europe had shared in the experimentation, the American role was emphasized in the popular description of standardization and interchangeability as “the American system of manufacture.”
3. Road transportation
3.1 History of road transport
Designing and building of roads is an important part of civil and industrial engineering. The idea of the road most likely dates back to the hunter-gatherers. They used game trails to make foot travel easier. Well-beaten paths through wooded and grassy areas made for faster movement and ease of navigation. Once people began to settle land for agricultural purposes, the needs for roads increased. Cattle and other goods were moved from one area to another via roads, and thus intercommunity trade was born.
Certainly, some of the most famous roads of all time are thousands of years old today. It should be noted that Roman roads are famous for their ubiquity in Europe. There is a well-known saying “all roads lead to Rome”which is actually considered to be a truth; the Romans built their roads such that it was possible to navigate to road from any corner of the Empire. While their original intent was perhaps for the movement of troops, their long-lasting contribution was for trade and the movement of regular people. Many of the roads built by the Romans were so long-lasting that they still exist today.
Nowadays, we use roads primarily to transport goods and services. There are untold numbers of people and things moving along the roads every day. But how these things are transported, and what they use to do the transportation, largely depends on what is being transported and how far they are going.
In the United States of America, the primary means of road transport for people is the automobile. The US Interstate Highway system makes automobile travel in between cities and states practical for individual automobile owners. In other parts of the world, mass transit like buses and light rail are used more commonly for the transportation of individuals. Moreover, we can expect to see more mass transit systems, and even pedestrian road traffic and walking and biking, in US cities soon, as more efficient energy expenditures and lower emissions will be needed to combat global climate change and rising energy costs.
Goods are transported over the roads quite often as well. Semi-trucks are used to transport goods that can be stored on palettes and in boxes.
Road Transportation has evolved, and it will no doubt continue to change over time. But as long as people need to get from point A to point B, there will be need for transportation. And road transport is still the most effective, efficient, and obvious way to move people and goods to the places that they need to go.
3.2 Direct auto transport
Direct auto transport (sometimes known as door-to-door direct auto transport) is considered to be the industry standard for service.
One of the greatest advantages of using direct auto shipping is that it is extremely convenient and easy. Instead of having to drive your vehicle to a yard for shipping, you simply need to be available the location of your choosing for a 20 minute window. Most haulers can load your vehicle in under 10 minutes, and the remainder of the time is spent performing an insurance inspection and further documenting the move. It doesn’t get much easier than this in the auto transport business.
4. US Automobile Industry’s Share Of The Market
In this part of my work I will consider the US automobile industry as an example and its main manufacturers.
First of all, it should be noted that the U. S. auto industry's share of the market has experienced fluctuations over the past 50 years. These fluctuations have been caused by many reasons, some of them include quality, price, and foreign competition.
4.1 “The Big Three”
“The Big Three” are the three largest manufacturers of automobiles in the world. They are three Us companies: Ford Motor Company, General Motors Company, and the Chrysler Corporation. It is reported that “The Big Three” hold nearly 75% of the market and produce over 8 million automobiles per year. The largest competitors of “The Big Three” are Japanese auto producers that include Toyota, Nissan, and Honda. These three foreign manufacturers hold 20% of the market and produce about 2.7 million automobiles per year.
General Motors Company, the world's largest automobile producer, originally was composed of four major vehicle manufacturers: Buick, Cadillac, Oldsmobile, and Oakland. During the first thirty years of operation GM's only major competition was from US manufacturers. However, since the first foreign truck was imported from Japan in 1956, GM's share of the market began to decline. Foreign cars were smaller, more fuel efficient, less expensive, and often more reliable than their American counterparts.
General Motors was the first large auto company to begin research on alternative fuel sources and continues to lead the way. Some developments of this research include the first production natural gas engine, and the first car powered completely by electricity. Many ideas are still in the process of being developed, such as affordable solar powered vehicles and ultralight plastic body parts.
The Ford Motor Company, founded in 1903 by Henry Ford, was the largest car manufacturer in the world until 1929 when GM passed it. Ford is currently the second largest producer of automobiles in the world producing over 5 million cars per year and holding 25% of the market. Ford motor company currently employs over 300,000 workers world-wide.
Another approach of Ford was to enter joint-ventures with foreign companies. Through these joint-ventures the foreign companies would produce and assemble Ford automobiles for sale in that country.
Ford is trying to assure future sales by researching vehicles that contain plastics that can be recycled into common materials. Also, Ford is currently working with the U. S. Department of Energy to develop alternative fuels, such as electricity, methanol/ethanol, natural gas and solar energy.
The third member of “The Big Three”, the Chrysler Corporation, was founded in 1921 when the Maxwell Motor Company failed and Walter P. Chrysler reorganized it.
Chrysler is in the process of producing alternative fuel cars. These include vehicles powered by electricity, liquefied natural gas, and gasoline-methanol mixture.
4.2 The future share of the market for “The Big Three”
The future share of the market for the ” Big Three” should remain steady or even increase. Today, “The Big Three” is able to produce top-of-the-line, fuel efficient, affordable cars to compete with imports. “The Big Three” also leads the way in research on alternative fuels and designs that will make automobiles more efficient and less polluting.
The United States automobile industry, which pioneered processes and technology in the early 1900s, has returned as the leader and will lead the auto industry into the 21st century.
Conclusion
To sum it all up I should say that engineering is a field that includes different areas of designing, planning, technology and manufacturing.
Engineering has existed since ancient times, when humans devised inventions such as the wedge, lever, wheel and pulley, etc. They built roads, bridges and other constructions.
Modern engineers work in different fields of industry, construction, designing, technology and so on. Automobile industry and road transportation are very important nowadays because a great number of people use different vehicles every day.
It is proved that the leaders in automobile industry are the United States of America. “The Big Three” are the leading companies in this field and they hold nearly 75% of the market and produce over 8 million automobiles per year. “The Big Three” includes such companies as Ford Motor Company, General Motors Company, and the Chrysler Corporation which produce and sell about 8 million automobiles per year.
References
http://www.americanautomove.com/road-transportation-a-history-and-how-we-use-it-today/
https://www.livescience.com/47499-what-is-engineering.html
https://www.bartleby.com/essay/US-Auto-Industry-Market-P3U58RZVJ
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engineering