Задание по англу

Fill in the gaps using the words in the box:

What is modern biology?

species / evolution / cell / genes / energy / branches sub-disciplines / regulating / heredity / concepts

Modern biology is a vast and eclectic field, composed of many 1 and

2 . However, despite the broad scope of biology, there are certain general and unifying 3 within it that govern all study and research, consolidating it into single, coherent fields. In general, biology recognizes the 4 as the basic unit of life, 5 as the basic unit of 6 , and 7 as the engine that propels the synthesis and creation of new 8 . It is also understood today that all organisms survive by consuming and transforming 9 and by 10 their internal environment to maintain a stable and vital condition.

GRAMMAR: IRREGULAR PLURAL NOUNS

Ex.1. Change the form (singular or plural) of the underlined nouns. Make other changes, if necessary.

1. Robert Koch discovered tubercule bacillus.
2. The bones of the feet show many similarities to bones of the hands.
3. The name ‘bacterium’ was introduced by Ehrenberg in 1828.
4. There are small oval nuclei in epithelial cells.
5. Archaeological records show that a man had domesticated virtually all the animals available to him even before the development of civilization.
6. Each strand of DNA molecule is a series of nucleotides.
7. Eukaryotic cell has a true nucleus.

Ex.2. Translate the following sentences in written form. Pay your attention to the nouns with irregular plurals.

1. After 1866, when G. Mendel published his theory of heredity, many criteria of nearly all the major sub-disciplines of biology were established.
2. Prokaryotic bacteria, eukaryotic fungi, and nonliving viruses are just some of the microbes that affect our health and environment.
3. Phylum is a taxonomic rank between kingdom and class, e.g. the arthropods.
4. Bacteria and other microorganisms were first observed by Antonie van Leeuwenhoek in 1676 using a single-lens microscope of his own design.
5. The observation of phenomena under conditions that are controlled precisely plays essential role in the advancement of physics.
6. Evolutionary research is concerned with the origin and descent of species, as well as change over time.
7. The lung is enclosed in a double-walled serous membrane called the pleura.

TRANSLATION

Translate the text “BIOLOGY TODAY” in written form.

Though there is some disagreement among historians of biology about the precise origins, the transition to modern biology appears to have occurred from the late 18th century to the early 19th century. A confluence of achievements brought about this transition.

Especially critical to the development of modern biology was the period between 1828, when Friedrich Wohler (1800-1882) artificially synthesized the organic compound urea in the laboratory, and 1866, Gregor Mendel (1822-1884) published his theory of heredity. During this time the conceptual foundations of the new science were laid, and many of the defining criteria of nearly all the major sub- disciplines of biology were established.

Sub-disciplines of Biology. The field of biology is very broad in scope and can be divided into several disciplines. In the most general sense, these disciplines are categorized based on the type of organism studied. For example, zoology deals with animal studies, botany deals with plant studies, and microbiology is the study of microorganisms. These fields of study can be broken down further into several specialized sub-disciplines. Some of which include anatomy, cell biology, genetics and physiology.

Basic Principles of Biology. The foundation of biology as it exists today is based on five basic principles. They are the cell theory, gene theory, evolution, homeostasis, and laws of thermodynamics.

• Cell theory states that all living organisms are composed of cells. The cell is the basic unit of life.
• Gene theory says that traits are inherited through gene transmission. Genes are located on chromosomes and consist of DNA.
• Evolution means that any genetic change in a population is inherited over several generations. These changes may be small or large, noticeable or not so noticeable.
• Homeostasis is an ability to maintain a constant internal environment in response to environmental changes.
• Thermodynamics says that energy is constant and energy transformation is not completely efficient.