Ecological problems in big cities, particular in Moscow

Introduction
The city is an amazing phenomenon. Urban planners develop a project for it. A city is beautiful if it lives in harmony with nature. It skillfully uses the features of the natural landscape of the area, buildings and structures correspond in scale to the height of hills and banks, the width of the river. But it often turns out that during construction, nature is forced out of the city, the earth is encased in concrete, asphalt, stone.
Attitudes to big cities are as contradictory as they are contradictory. Since the process of transformation of nature inevitably continues, and with it there are changes that affect not only one or several types of living things, individual landscapes, but also global ones that change the axiological status of natural regions as a whole, the aesthetic appearance of the planet changes significantly. The destruction caused by humans to the esthetically valuable natural environment is caused by the development of new types of production processes and the active use of technology that is not predicted by the environment. At the same time, with the changed type of culture and the expansion of the value outlook, the desire to satisfy aesthetic needs began to occupy an increasing place in the life of mankind. In this regard, there is an urgent interest in the possibilities of preserving lost values.
This applies to all big cities, and Moscow is no exception. High population density, a complex system of economic organization and its concentration on a relatively small territory require solving many problems: economic, social and, of course, environmental.
The combination of technogenic, urban planning and physical factors leaves its mark on the state of the natural environment of the city of Moscow.
Purpose is description of the main environmental problems of large cities, in particular Moscow, and ways to solve them.
The problems:
To analyze air pollution from vehicle emissions
To consider problems of waste
To describe noise pollution.
To analyze the most common problems in Moscow.
To study way of solution
Chapter 1. Environmental problems in big cities4
1.1. Air pollution from vehicle emissions
Road transport is one of the main sources of environmental pollution. Its contribution to environmental pollution, mainly the atmosphere, is 60-90%. They emit several tons of harmful substances.
Factors of negative impact of road transport on the environment:
- air pollution;
- environmental pollution;
- noise, vibration;
- heat generation (energy dissipation).
Automobile exhaust gases are a mixture of about 200 substances. The exhaust gases of an engine running on normal gasoline and under normal operation contain an average of 2.7% carbon monoxide. When the speed decreases, this percentage increases to 3.9%, and at low speed-to 6.9% [1].
In some areas, it has reached the maximum level and has become life-threatening. Many scientists see air pollution from automobile gases as the main cause of increased lung disease.
1.2.Problems of waste
Industrial and household waste is a global environmental problem of our time, which poses a threat to human health and also pollutes the environment. Rotting waste particles are a source of reproduction of microbes that cause infections and diseases. Previously, the presence of human waste was not an acute problem, since garbage and various substances were processed naturally in natural conditions. But now humanity has invented materials that have a huge decomposition period and are naturally processed for several hundred years. But it's not just that. The amount of waste over the past decades has become incredibly huge. The average resident of a megalopolis produces from 500 to 1000 kilograms of garbage and waste per year [2].
Waste can be liquid or solid. Depending on their origin, they have different levels of danger to the environment.
Types of wasts:
of household waste is a human waste;
construction is remnants of construction materials, garbage;
industrial is raw material residues and harmful substances;
agricultural is fertilizers, feed, spoiled products;
radioactive is harmful materials and substances [2].
1.3.Noise pollution
Noise pollution has assumed the status of an environmental problem in megacities. Scientists estimate it as one of the harmful effects due to the increased sound, infrasound and ultrasound effects on humans during the day.
During the entire period of existence, people live surrounded by noise, but natural sounds can hardly be called an irritating factor. On the contrary, they have a positive effect on mental health. Over time, rapid technological progress has led to the appearance of noise pollution, which is negative for the environment and people.
Every year there are more and more sources of noise pollutio [1].
Currently, these include: auto, air and railway transport; industrial production; construction, repair; alarm systems; barking dogs; air intake shafts; compressors.
The noise is caused by human actions. In residential areas of large cities, its level may be as high as possible, due to incorrect planning of the city system (the location of the airport, factory, or factory near residential buildings).
A person who is constantly affected by sounds may have a mental health disorder. The first symptoms of noise sickness are irritability and sleep problems. The possibility of premature death due to sound pollution is not excluded [4].
Chapter 2. Environmental problems in Moscow
2.1. The most common problems
One of the main environmental problems in Moscow is air pollution. Automobile transport makes a big contribution to Moscow's air pollution - more than 90%. It includes air pollution with carbon monoxide, nitrogen dioxide, lead, cadmium, and zinc (due to worn tires). These pollutants are strong toxins.
Industrial enterprises make a significant contribution to the deterioration of Moscow's environment, although they make a smaller contribution compared to road transport, about 10%. They emit a lot of dust, nitrogen oxides, iron, calcium, magnesium, and silicon into the atmosphere. Many of them are gradually being transferred from the center of the capital to the outskirts [4].
Moscow's modern water supply is almost entirely built on the surface waters of reservoirs in the Moskvoretskaya and Volzhskaya systems. Observations show that the surface waters of the Moskvoretsky and Volzhsky water sources approach the water supply stations in Moscow already polluted.
The quality of water entering the city of the Moscow river and its main tributaries is affected by the complex of economic activities in the territories of the Moscow, Smolensk and Tver regions, so even at the entrance to the city, the water quality does not meet the standards of fisheries water use in many respects.
Green plants occupy 30 % of the territory, and this, according to scientists, is quite a high level for a multi-million megalopolis. Despite this, the current state of Moscow's green spaces leaves much to be desired.
Increasing recreational loads have a significant negative impact on the vegetation of forests and parks. Over-compaction of the soil in places of mass celebrations worsens its water-air properties and is accompanied by the death of plants, including trees [2].
The Moscow metro is not the healthiest place in the city. Chemical studies of air samples taken in the metro showed exceeding the maximum permissible concentration of nitrogen dioxide, as well as carbon monoxide and dioxide. Violations of sanitary standards for dust content were also recorded.
There were three main categories of parks in Moscow (according to their environmental characteristics).
1. Parks for walking with children and playing sports: Vorobyovy Gory Park, Botanical garden, Neskuchny garden, Izmailov park.
2. Parks that are suitable for sports and walking without children are places of recreation in our city where there is littering, pollution, and waste: Lianozovsky Park, Bitsevsky Park, Khamovnichesky Park [3].
3. Parks recommended only for short-term visits: Alexander garden, Poklonnaya hill.
It turned out that Moscow in its environmental situation resembles a chessboard, where favorable and unfavorable areas alternate.
2.2. Way of solution
Problems of ecology and nature are solved at the international and state levels. Legislative acts, sanitary and hygienic standards are being introduced, and organizational, technical and other measures are being taken to influence society and producers and make them environmentally responsible.
Specific actions taken by individual enterprises and organizations include:
proper processing;
waste disposal;
installation of treatment facilities in factories;
environmental use of natural raw materials.
Nature reserves and national parks are being opened to protect natural landscapes, unique animals and plants. People plant forest parks and shrubs to prevent further soil erosion. Eco-friendly farming methods are being developed and natural fertilizers are being used [1].
There are 7 ways to solve environmental problems in cities:
Study of wind roses. Placement of industrial enterprises and thermal power plants polluting the air on the leeward side. It is also necessary to take into account the wind when designing multi-storey residential blocks.
Control of effluents and emissions, encouraging enterprises to install efficient treatment facilities.
Greening the urban environment. Planting trees and taking care of them is more expensive than setting up a lawn and paving, so there are too few trees planted in many cities. Landscaping deters noise and dust, regulates ground water, and improves the gas composition of the air. Trees provide cool shade in the summer heat, parks and groves serve as a recreation area for citizens.
Replacing polluting vehicles with environmentally friendly ones. Automobile transport cannot be completely harmless: tires produce rubber dust. But replacing internal combustion engines with electric ones for at least public transport will significantly improve air quality. Engineers are working to create quieter engines and suspension for trams.
Sorting of garbage. Over time, all cities will come to separate collection and recycling of garbage.
Descent underground, into basements, garages, transport and hazardous industries.
Education of ecological culture of citizens. No matter what actions are taken by the government and business leaders, without the awareness of residents, cities will not become really clean and comfortable. Carry garbage to the trash can, hand over used items for recycling, monitor the condition of your car, observe silence during the hours set by law – even these actions are not performed by all citizens [2].
Conclusion
The environmental situation is a mirror that reflects the level of socio-economic status of the state and at the same time the level of scientific knowledge, the level of development of public consciousness. Reliable information about the state of the natural environment contributes to the development of ecological thinking, and therefore makes it possible to properly organize our relationship with nature, to anticipate the consequences of these actions.
Government of Moscow takes great efforts to resolve such problematic issues as air pollution by motor vehicle emissions, elimination of toxic emissions and waste, development and landscaping of Moscow, and others; carrying out priority measures for the ecological rehabilitation of Moscow, the improvement of medico-demographic indicators of population health.
Despite the negative trends, there are real opportunities to stabilize the environmental situation and gradually improve the environment in Moscow. To implement these opportunities, a set of political, economic, administrative and organizational measures is necessary, based on the actual environmental situation in the city and region, using all the Russian and international experience in solving problems of environmental protection.
References
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