Контрольная работа по Английскому языку на тему: "RAW MATERIALS"

1. Перепишите и переведите на русский язык предложения. Определите по грамматическим признакам, какой частью речи являются слова, оформленные окончанием – s и какую функцию это окончание выполняет, т. е. служит ли оно:

а) показателем 3-го лица единственного числа глагола в Present

Simple;

б) признаком множественного числа имени существительного;

в) показателем притяжательного падежа имени существительного.

1.1. Most chemicals are by-products of paper-making. 

1.2. All material inside the cambium layer is wood, which conducts and stores nutrients and provides the tree with structural support.

1.3. Forests cover more than one fifth of the globe’s surface.

1.4. Roots support the stem and provide food and drink for the tree’s nourishment and growth.
 

2. Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их, обращая учитывая особенности перевода на русский язык определений, выраженных именем существительным.

2.1. The equilibrium moisture content represents a balance point where the wood is neither gaining nor losing moisture and is in equilibrium with the environment. 

 2.2. At the sawmill, the first step in lumber manufacture is generally log debarking, after which the logs are sawn into lumber. 

 2.3. Weight, shrinkage, strength and other properties depend upon the moisture content of wood. 

 2.4. Some of the chief wood structural materials are round timbers, lumber, and veneer products.
 

3. Перепишите следующие предложения, содержащие разные формы сравнения, переведите их на русский язык.

 3.1. In other species, such as spruces, the change from early wood and late wood is less obvious, and rings are more difficult to see. 

 3.2. Most paper today is made from wood and can be as soft as facial tissues or as strong as paper shopping bags. 

 3.3. Trees growing on arable soil layer grow more intensively in young age. 

 3.4. A lot of dendrological research works affirm that spruce is more sensitive to the changes of environmental conditions than pine. 

 3.5. The less the degree of taper, the more long straight planks can the sawmiller obtain from it.

 

4. Перепишите и письменно переведите на русский язык следующие предложения, обращая особое внимание на перевод неопределённых и отрицательных местоимений.

4.1. Although most forest products are made from wood, some come from the bark, fruit and seeds, gum, leaves, and sap of trees. 

4.2. Are there any possibilities to save a few big trees when thinning? 

4.3. In many stands with high nature values, no management or very ‘soft’ management, with special attention to the present species, should take place. 

4.4. Some experts also pointed out that industrialization had brought some shift in the use of forests.
 

5. Перепишите следующие предложения, определите в них видовременные формы глаголов и укажите их инфинитив; переведите предложения на русский язык.

5.1. The bark provides a thick waterproof covering to the living inner tissue.

5.2. The roots of a tree anchored it to the ground. 

5.3. A solitary tree standing in the open will develop a short, stout stem with spreading branches, while trees grown close together in high forest produce tall, thin, straight stems as a result of their competition for light. 0 million years.

 

6. Перепишите следующие предложения, подчеркните в каждом из них модальный глагол или его эквивалент; предложения переведите на русский язык.

6.1. The cross section of a tree can be divided into three basic parts: bark, cambium, and wood. 

6.2. Today, with so much emphasis on the value of forests, the forester has not only to consider what is the best way to harvest the crop from a particular area but also what the impact of the operation may be on the general public. .

6.3. If the goal is high sawlog quality, then we should have many seedlings growing slowly in dense stands. 

6.4. Wood is a renewable resource, which after use can be returned into nature biocycle. 

6.5. Teak may rise to 100 feet or more in height. 

6.6. Wood used for energy production should have high density, high lignin content, law ash content and law moisture ratio.
 

7. Прочитайте и письменно переведите текст.

RAW MATERIALS

The trees from which lumber is produced are classified as hardwoods or softwoods. Although the woods of many hardwoods are hard, and the woods of many softwoods are soft, that is not the defining characteristic. Most hardwood trees have leaves, which they shed in the fall. Hardwood trees include oaks, maples, and birches, but they also include balsa, which has one of the softest and lightest of all the woods. Softwood trees, on the other hand, have needles instead of leaves. They remain green throughout the year and are sometimes called evergreens. Softwood trees include pines, firs, hemlocks, spruces, and redwoods....
 

Ответьте письменно на вопросы к тексту:

1. How are lumber pieces graded?

2. What defects can be found in the wood?

3. Where is the wood of the lower grades used?