выполнить задание в Unit 3 и 4

Unit 3

Passive voice (страдательный залог)

Задание 1. Переведите предложения на английский язык, употребляя глаголы в Present, Past или Future Simple Passive.

1. Мне говорят – Мне сказали – Мне скажут
2. Ему звонят – Ему звонили – Ему позвонят
3. Ей дарят – Ей подарили – Ей подарят
4. Нам пишут – Нам писали – Нам напишут
5. Им приносят – Им принесли – Им принесут

Задание 2. Раскройте скобки, употребляя глаголы в Active или Passive Voice.

1. Nobody (to see) him yesterday. 2. The telegram (to receive) tomorrow. 3. He (to give) me this book next week. 4. The answer to this question can (to find) in the book. 5. We (to show) the historical monuments of the capital to the delegation. 6. You can (to find) interesting information about the life in the USA in this book. 8. Yuri Dolgoruki (to

found) Moscow in 1147. 9. Moscow University (to found) by Lomonosov. 10. We (to call) Zhukovski the father of Russian aviation.

Задание 3. Выберите правильный вариант ответа.

The house ___ a long time ago.

a. has been sold

b. was sold

c. is sold

d. sold

2. All the banks ___.

a. are closed

b. have been closed

c. are been closed

d. closed

The documents ___ by 5 p.m.

a. will have been signed

b. are signed

c. will be signed

d. signed

4. The conference room ____ at the moment.

a. was being used

b. have been used

c. used

d. is being used

5. America _____ several centuries ago.

a. had been discovered

b. was discovered

c. discovered

d. will be discovered

6. My car ___ at the moment.

a. was being repaired

b. has been repaired

c. is being repaired

d. repaired

7. Olympic Games ___ every four years.

a. are held

b. had been held

c. held

d. will have been held

8. The liquid solutions will be dealt ____ in this article.

a. on

b. upon

c. with

d. by

9. Oxygen ___ by heating mercuric oxide.

a. was obtained

b. are obtained

c. have been obtained

d. has been obtained

10. The Periodic Law widely ___ by chemists.

a. will be applied

b. will have been applied

c. is applied

d. has been applied

Задание 4. Раскройте скобки, употребляя глаголы в Passive Voice.

1.At the last competition the first prize (to win) by our team. 2. The question (to settle) as soon as they arrived. 3. Your report must (to divide) into two chapters. 4. Soon he (to send) to a sanatorium. 5. The book (to discuss) at the next conference. 6. The composition must (to hand) in on Wednesday. 7. Yesterday he (to tell) to prepare a speech. 8. The article (to publish) last week if I am not mistaken. 9. The lectures (to attend) by all of us. 10. A taxi (to call) fifteen minutes ago so we are expecting it any moment.

Задание 5. Передайте следующие предложения в Passive Voice.

Образец: Mother waters the flowers in the evening. — The flowers are watered in the evening (by mother)

1. The boys will paint the roof of the house. 2. Tom Sawyer whitewashed the fence. 3. Her daughters gave her three beautiful dishes as a birthday present. 4. Jim gave Tom a book for his birthday. 5. Our grandmother tells us stories every evening. 6. Peter will show you a new book of pictures. 7. A boy showed her the way. 8. They will send us a box of fruit. 9. Five or six small children followed them. 10. In summer the boys often drive the horses to the fields.

Задание 6. Переведите на английский язык, употребляя глаголы в Past Simple Active или Past Simple Passive.

1.Вчера я попросил учителя помочь мне. 2. Вчера меня попросили помочь

однокласснику. 3. Прошлым летом я научил сестру плавать. 4. Прошлым летом меня научили плавать. 5. Я посоветовал моему другу поступить в спортивную секцию. 6. Мне посоветовали поступить в спортивную секцию. 7. Вчера нам задавали много вопросов на уроке. 8. Я ответил на все вопросы. 9. Учитель поставил мне хорошую оценку. 10. Дома меня похвалили. 11. Эти письма принесли утром. 12. Мой портфель купили в прошлом году. 13. Эти орехи съели вчера. 14. Где вы купили эту книгу? 15. Где купили эту книгу? 16. Когда разбили чашку? 17. Когда ты разбил чашку? 18. Что ему обещали? 19. Когда починили машину? 20. Когда вы исправили ошибку?

Задание 7. Сгруппируйте слова по отраслям используя таблицу. Некоторые слова могут относиться к нескольким отраслям.

Задание 8. Прочитайте текст и выполните задания после текста.

Oxygen: History and Occurrence

Credit for the discovery of oxygen is shared by two men, Joseph Priestley, an English clergyman and amateur scientist, who later moved to the United States to escape religious persecution, and Carl Wilhelm Scheele, a Swedish pharmacist. Working independently, these two men both obtained the gas which we know as oxygen by heating various compounds of the element, particularly mercuric oxide. They also found evidence that this gas is a component of the atmosphere.

Priestley’s work was published in 1774, but although Scheele’s experiments had probably been performed even earlier, their publication was delayed and no account of them appeared until 1777. Though Priestley recognized that the gas which he had discovered plays an important role in combustion, he remained, along with Scheele, an ardent adherent of the phlogiston theory of combustion; in

fact, he called the gas “dephlogisticated air”.

On the basis of the experimental results of Priestley, Scheele, and others, as well as some very fine experimental work of his own, in 1777 the brilliant French chemist Lavoisier established the modem concept that the combustion of a substance consists in its combination with the new gas which Priestley and Scheele had described, and which Lavoisier found an important constituent of the atmosphere. Since the combustion of

many substances (now known as non-metals) such as phosphorus and sulphur yields products which react with water and give acidic solutions, Lavoisier named this gas oxygen, derived from Greek words meaning “acid former”.

Oxygen occurs in the free state as the second most abundant component of the atmosphere; about one-fifth of the air by volume is oxygen. In the combined state it makes up 88.81% by weight of pure water, and, on the average, 85.79% of sea water. It occurs in the earth’s crust, in the form of a multitude of compounds, to the estimated extent of 46.43%.

Задание 8.1. Найдите в тексте русские эквиваленты следующим словам:

move to, escape smth., obtain, by heating, particularly, find evidence, be a component of smth., although, perform an experiment, even earlier, appear, until, though, along with, in fact, on the basis of, as well as, very fine experimental work, modem concept, work of one’s own, consist in smth., since, such as, yield products, an acidic solution, the second most abundant component, about one-fifth by volume, in the combined state, on the average.

Задание 8.2. Найдите в тексте русские эквиваленты следующим словам:

различные соединения, путем нагревания, особенно, найти доказательство, составная часть атмосферы, хотя, опубликовать работу, признавать, играть важную роль, наряду с, на основании, так же как, тонкая работа, современное понятие, заключаться в, так как, неметалл, давать продуты, реагировать с, в свободном состоянии, встречаться в атмосфере, около 90% по весу, чистая вода, в среднем, морская вода.

Задание 8.3. Вставьте подходящие по смыслу союзы и предлоги.

Of, by, in, about, as well as, and, on

1. Scheele ... Priestley obtained ... oxygen ... heating various compounds ... the element. 2. Priestley recognized that the gas obtained ... him plays an important role ... combustion. 3. Priestley ... Scheele remained adherent... the phlogiston theory... combustion. 4. The combustion... a substance consists ... its combination with oxygen. 5. Oxygen occurs ... the free state ... the atmosphere.

Задание 8.4. Переведите на русский язык.

a) will be discussed, was being studied, will have been taken, arc named,

had been discovered, will be obtained, have been written, were being

translated, shall have done, arc used, is being done, will be produced, was

asked, arc taught, will be given

b) 1. Oxygen was obtained by Scheele and Priestley independently. 2. Oxygen was obtained by heating mercuric oxide. 3. Evidence was found that this gas is a component of the atmosphere. 4. The theory of phlogiston is not much spoken about at present. 5. An important role of oxygen in combustion was discovered by Priestley. 6. The name “oxygen” was derived from Greek words meaning “acid former”. 7. Oxygen is found in the free state in the atmosphere.

Задание 8.5. Переведите на английский язык.

1. Современное понятие горения было установлено Лавуазье в 1777 году.

2. Этот газ был назван ≪образующим кислоты≫.

3. Кислород был получен нагреванием различных соединений этого элемента, в частности, оксида ртути.

4. Работа Пристли была опубликована в 1774 году.

5. Кислород был открыт и описан во второй половине XVIII века.

6. На золото кислород не действует ни при какой температуре.

Задание 8.6. Ответьте на вопросы:

1. What famous scientists worked on the discovery of oxygen?

2. Who was the first to obtain this gas?

3. What was the method of obtaining oxygen?

4. What theory of combustion existed in Priestley’s time?

5. What did the French chemist Lavoisier establish?

6. What does the modem concept of combustion state?

7.What does the word “oxygen” mean?

8. Where does oxygen occur and in what state?

UNIT 4

МОДАЛЬНЫЕ ГЛАГОЛЫ И ИХ ЭКВИВАЛЕНТЫ

can, may, must, ought to, should, need

CAN (выражает физическую или умственную возможность или способность)

He can lift that box. (Он может поднять эту коробку.)

He can drive the car well. (Он умеет хорошо водить машину.)

MAY (выражает разрешение или возможность совершения действия или просьбу)

You may use dictionaries. (Вы можете пользоваться словарями.) May I take your books? (Можно я возьму ваши книги?)

MUST (выражает долженствование, т.е. необходимость совершения действия)

Water must be decomposed to obtain oxygen. (Воду нужно разложить (на составные части), чтобы получить кислород.)

SHOULD, OUGHT TO (выражают долженствование, когда речь идет о моральном долге или совете)

He ought to help his friends. (Ему следует помогать друзьям.)

This solution should be kept in a dark place. (Этот раствор следует хранить в темном месте.

ЭКВИВАЛЕНТЫ МОДАЛЬНЫХ ГЛАГОЛОВ

to be able to

We will be able to produce nitric oxide next week. (Мы сможем получить оксид азота на следующей неделе.)

to be allowed to

The students were allowed to carry out the experiments with sulphuric acid.

(Студентам разрешили проводить опыты с серной кислотой.)

В технических текстах выражение to be allowed to переводится словом "дать": The solution was allowed to stand two days. (Раствору дали отстояться в течение 2-х дней.)

to be to (выражает необходимость совершения действия согласно предварительной договоренности или заранее намеченному плану)

We are to do this experiment today. (Мы должны сделать этот опыт сегодня.)

to have to (выражает вынужденную необходимость совершения действия) We had to finish our experiment yesterday. (Нам пришлось закончить эксперимент вчера.)

Задание 1. Выберите правильный вариант ответа.

Where's Nick? He___be in his office.

mustn't

is to

should

might

She ….. help you tomorrow.

can

could

will can

is able to

If you had video, you _____ record it yourself tonight.

a. could
b. can
c. must
d. may

You ______not smoke here.

must

may

can

need

______you hear that strange noise?

must

may

can

need

He__come today or tomorrow.

must

may

can

need

My little brother______ count to ten.

must

may

can

need

This incident ______have serious consequences.

must

may

can

need

You ______have a valid permit to enter.

must

may

can

need

My elder brother______ speak English very well.

must

can

may

should

_____ I borrow your book? I want to read it.

must

can

may

should

You _____ open the window. It is cold outside.

can not

may not

should not

must not

Next summer we ________ go to the sea.

were able to

will be able to

are able to

must

Little children ____ go to bed early.

should

shouldn't

I ____ play football when I was twelve.

could

should

Задание 2. Переведите предложения на русский язык.

The students must conduct these experiments on time. 2. The chemist can obtain materials with the desired properties. 3. The supervisor may change the work plan. 4. The reaction rate must be increased. 5. The students were to compare the substance. 6. The research workers had to submit their scientific report on the project. 7. He could not have finished the experiment. 8. She must be working in the library. 9. The meeting is to take place at 10 p.m. 10. Chemists have to use balance in their work.

Задание 3. Заполните пропуски модальными глаголами.

1. What … we see on this map? 2. He … post the letter at once. 3. The students … take exams every term. 4. … you speak Spanish? — No, unfortunately I … . 5. We … plan our work well. 6. You … not smoke here. 7. The machine … translate simple messages into different languages. 8. … I come in? 9. The children … to watch violent TV programs. 10. You … have taken my advice. 11. I want … to choose my own career. 12. The meeting … have finished by now. 13. He … not speak English yet.

Задание 4. Вставьте модальные глаголы can, may, must или need.

1. I __ not go out today: it is too cold. 2. __ I take your pen? — Yes, please. 3. We __ not carry the bookcase upstairs: it is too heavy. 4. We __ not carry the bookcase upstairs ourselves: the workers will come and do it. 5. When __ you come to see us? — I __ come only on Sunday. 6. Shall I write a letter to him? — No, you __ not, it is not necessary. 7. __ you cut something without a knife? 8. Peter __ return the book to the library. We all want to read it. 9. Why __ not you understand it? It is so easy. 10. __ we do the exercise at once? Yes, you __ do it at once.

Задание 5. Вставьте модальные глаголы may или can.

1. __ we come and see you next Sunday at three o'clock in the afternoon? 2. What time is it? — It __ be about six o'clock, but I am not sure. 3. __ I come in? 4. Let me look at your exercises. 5. I __ be able to help you. 6. I __ come and see you tomorrow if I have time. 7. Take your raincoat with you: it __ rain today. 8. Do you think you __ do that? 9. Be careful: you ... spill the milk if you carry it like that. 10. Most children ... slide on the ice very well.

Задание 6. Прочитайте текст, выберите подходящие по смыслу модальные глаголы. В некоторых случаях правильными являются оба варианта. Выполните письменный перевод.

1. Some useful tips for tourists to the UK.
2. You should / have to always carry an umbrella. British weather is very changeable and rain is always a possibility.
3. If you want to ask someone a question in the street, you must / should say 'Excuse me!' to attract their attention.
4. You must / should drive on the left!
5. You must / have to wear a seatbelt at all times in a car.
6. You mustn't / don't have to pay to visit most museums and art galleries. Entrance is usually free.
7. You shouldn't / don't have to leave a tip in a restaurant but if service has been good, 10% extra is a normal amount to leave.
8. If you are sightseeing in London, you must / should buy a Travelcard which gives you cheaper travel on trains, buses, and the
9. London Underground.
10. You mustn't / don't have to smoke in any public building. It is prohibited by law.
11. When talking to British people you shouldn't / don't have to ask very personal questions (like How much do you earn?) as some people might think this was rude.
12. You must / should go for a trip on the London Eye. The view of London from the top is magnificent.

Задание 7. Найдите определения для видов инженерной деятельности и впишите соответствующее словосочетание перед абзацем.

A – civil engineer, B – nuclear engineer, C – power engineer, D – electrical engineer, E – chemical engineer, F – mechanical engineer

1._______ It deals with the building of houses, bridges, roads, tunnels, dams, water systems, and also with the construction of railroads, underground railways, industrial structures, land, water and air transport, etc.

2._______ It deals with practical application of the science of mechanics and thermodynamics to the design of machines.

3._______ The one who deals with the means for producing power. He designs generators, switches, transformers, etc.

4._______ It deals with minute quantities of electricity, which are used for all kinds of communications.

5._______ It is based on atomic physics.

6._______ This deals with processes and equipment, which make it possible to change the state, energy content, chemical or physical composition of various materials.

Задание 8. Прочитайте текст и выполните задания после текста.

The Halogens

Halogens may have interested chemists since early times, for they possess unique properties. They must have interested scientists as all of them, F2, Cl>, Br2 and I2, consist of diatomic molecules. We are going to touch upon some of their properties in what follows. Chlorine (from Greek “chloros”, greenish-yellow), the most common of the halogens is a greenish-yellow gas with a sharp irritating odour.

It was first made by the Swedish chemist K. W. Scheele in 1774, by the action of manganese dioxide on hydrochloric acid. It is now manufactured on a

large scale by the electrolysis of a strong solution of sodium chloride. The element bromine (from Greek “bromos”, stench) occurs in the form of compounds in small quantities in seawater and in natural salt deposits. It is an easily volatile, dark reddish-brown liquid with a strong disagreeable odour and an irritating effect on the eyes and throat. It may produce painful sores when spilled on the skin.

The free element can be made by treating a bromide with an oxidizing agent, such as chlorinc. The element iodine (from Greek “iodes”, violet) occurs as iodide ion, I2, in very small quantities in seawater, and, as sodium iodate, NalO3, in deposits of Chile saltpeter.

It is made commercially from sodium iodate obtained from saltpeter, from kelp, which concentrates it from seawater, and from oil-well brines. The free element is an almost black crystalline solid with a slightly metallic lustre. On gentle warming it gives a beautiful blue-violet vapour. Its solutions in chloroform, carbon tetrachloride, and carbon disulphide arc also blue-violet in colour, indicating that the molecules I2 in these solutions closely resemble the gas molecules. The solutions of iodine in water containing potassium iodide and in alcohol (tincture of iodine) arc brown; this change in colour suggests that the iodine molecules have undergone chemical reaction in these solutions. The brown compound KI3, potassium-trioxide, is present in the first solution, and a compound with alcohol in the second.

Задание 8.1. Найдите в тексте русские эквиваленты следующим словам:

since early times, interest smb., possess unique properties, diatomic molecules, be going to, greenish-yellow, a sharp irritating odour, hydrochloric acid, be manufactured on a large scale, a strong solution, occur in the form of compounds, a small quantity, natural salt deposits, be volatile, treat smth. with an oxidizing agent, a black crystalline solid, a slightly metallic lustre, on warming, resemble gas molecules, undergo chemical reaction, be present in solution.

Задание 8.2. Найдите в тексте русские эквиваленты следующим словам:

галоген, состоять из двухатомных молекул, соляная кислота, в больших масштабах, электролиз раствора, раствор хлорида натрия, в морской воде, быть летучим, обладать уникальными свойствами, окислитель, встречаться, в очень малых количествах, получать из морской воды, элемент в свободном состоянии, кристаллическое твердое вещество, металлический блеск, раствор йода в спирте, подвергаться реакции, находиться в растворе, предполагать (наводить на мысль).

Задание 8.3. Вставьте подходящие по смыслу союзы и предлоги.

in, of with, on, by

1. All the halogens consist ... diatomic molecules. 2. The most common ... the halogens is chlorine. 3. Chlorine was first made ... the action... manganese dioxide... hydrochloric acid. 4. It was obtained by K.W. Scheele ... 1774. 5. Now

chlorine is manufactured... a large scale ... the electrolysis ... a strong solution ... sodium chloride. 6. Bromine occurs... the form of compounds... small quantities. 7. Bromine has an irritating effect ... the eyes and throat. 8. Iodine is an almost black

crystalline solid ... a slightly metallic luster. 9. The I2 molecules ... the solutions ... chloroform, carbon tetrachloride and carbon disulphide closely resemble the gas molecules. 10. The solution iodine ... alcohol is brown... colour.

Задание 8.4. Переведите предложения на русский язык.

1. The text that you must have read describes the properties of halogens.

2. This student can’t have started the reaction before learning the properties of the substances.

3. The author may have supposed that this description would help to understand his idea better.

4. The teacher may have spoken about such reactions, I don’t remember.

5. Mendeleyev could have presented his periodic system himself, but he was ill.

6. You ought to have been more attentive working in the laboratory.

7. The scientists of our faculty may have discovered some new properties of electrodes, now they are writing an article on this problem.

8. Everyone must have noticed a blue-violet vapour when iodine was being warmed.

9. The reaction may not proceed to completion without heating.

10. The laboratory assistant can’t have done all the work alone.

Задание 8.5. Переведите предложения на английский язык.

1. Галогены—это элементы VII группы.
2. Все галогены состоят из двухатомных молекул.
3. Самый обычный из галогенов, хлор, — это зеленовато-желтый газ.
4. Хлор был впервые получен шведским химиком Шееле в 1774 году.
5. Сейчас хлор получают в больших масштабах электролизом раствора хлорида натрия.
6. Бром встречается в малых количествах в виде соединений в морской воде и природных отложениях солей.
7. Йод также может встречаться в очень малых количествах в морской воде.

Задание 8.6. Ответьте на вопросы:

1. What elements are called halogens?

2. Why may the halogens have interested chemists?

3. What is the most common of the halogens?

4. When was chlorine obtained?

5. In what way is chlorine obtained now?

6. What kind of element is bromine?

7. Where does bromine occur and in what form?

8. In what way is iodine made commercially?

9. What kind of element is iodine?