задание

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OIL AND GAS INDUSTRY

The oil and gas industry is one of the largest in the world. It is a global powerhouse employing hundreds of thousands of workers worldwide as well as generating hundreds of billions of dollars globally each year. The oil and gas industry can be broken down into two key areas: upstream and downstream. Upstream operations deal primarily with the exploration stages. This involves search for underwater and underground natural gas fields or crude oil fields. The downstream refers to the filtering of the raw materials obtained during the upstream phase. This means refining crude oil and purifying natural gas, marketing and commercial distribution of these products to consumers and end users in a number of forms including: natural gas, diesel, petrol, gasoline, lubricants, kerosene, jet fuel, asphalt, heating oil, LPG (liquefied petroleum gas) as well as a number of other types of petrochemicals. Oil and gas production takes place onshore and offshore. Drilling and Geology are two disciplines that depend heavily upon each other when a well is to be planned. Construction of drilling wells and rigs is an enormous risk. Companies need to calculate supply and demand in order to be certain that an operation will be profitable before it comes on stream.

Petroleum (oil) is a naturally occurring liquid found in rock formations. It can be as thick and black as tar or thin as water. It is a flammable fluid that is refined to produce various types of fuel. Petroleum consists of a complex mixture of hydrocarbons of various molecular weights, plus other organic compounds. It is vital to many industries, and is of importance to the maintenance of industrial civilization. The petroleum industry includes the global processes of exploration, extraction, refining, transporting (often by oil tankers and pipelines), and marketing petroleum products. The largest volume products of the industry are fuel oil and gasoline (petrol). Petroleum (oil) is also the raw material for many chemical products, including pharmaceuticals, solvents, fertilizers, pesticides, and plastics. The petroleum industry in Russia is one of the largest in the world. The biggest Russian oil company is Rosneft followed by Lukoil, Surgutneftegaz, Gazprom Neft and Tatneft. All oil trunk pipelines (except Caspian Pipeline Consortium) are owned and operated by the state-owned monopoly Transneft and oil products pipeline are owned and operated by its subsidiary Transnefteproduct. Petroleum is therefore integral to many industries, and is of critical importance to many nations as the foundation of their industries.

Russia has the largest reserves, and is the largest exporter, of natural gas. Natural gas is found in deep underground rock formations. Most natural gas was created over time by two mechanisms: biogenic and thermogenic. Biogenic gas is created by methanogenic organisms in marshes, bogs, landfills, and shallow sediments. Deeper in the earth, at greater temperature and pressure, thermogenic gas is created from buried organic material. Before natural gas can be used as a fuel, it must undergo processing to remove impurities, including water, to meet the specifications of marketable natural gas. The by-products of processing include ethane, propane, butanes, pentanes, and higher molecular weight hydrocarbons, hydrogen sulfide (which may be converted into pure sulfur), carbon dioxide, water vapor, and sometimes helium and nitrogen. Natural gas was used by the Chinese in about 500 B.C. They discovered the potential to transport gas seeping from the ground in crude pipelines of bamboo to where it was used to boil sea water in Ziliujing District. Natural gas is an energy source often used for heating, cooking, and electricity generation. It is also used as fuel for vehicles and as a chemical feedstock in the manufacture of plastics and other commercially important organic chemicals. In regions which house the major NOCs, these oil and gas companies are so vital they often contribute a significant amount towards national Gross domestic product (GDP).

2. Ответьте на вопросы.

1. Why are oil and gas important?

2. How can the oil and gas industry be broken down?

3. What is the upstream component?

4. What is the downstream component?

5. What is petroleum?

6. What does refining crude oil mean?

7. What is the importance of petroleum as an energy resource?

8. Which product do petroleum resources provide in addition to energy?

9. What do companies need to calculate before building the drilling wells and rigs?

10. How do you know that oil and gas are present beneath the drill rig?

11. What would we do without petroleum?

12. What is the biggest Russian oil company?

13. What is natural gas?

14. What does purification natural gas mean?

15. Where can the drill rig be placed?

3. Закончите предложения..

1. The oil and gas industry is … .
2. This industry can be broken down into … .
3. The upstream component is also referred to as … .
4. The downstream component is referred to … .
5. Oil and gas production takes place … .
6. Petroleum (oil) is …. .
7. The largest volume products of the petroleum industry are … .
8. Petroleum (oil) is also the raw material for … .
9. Most natural gas was created by … .
10. Natural gas is often used for …. .

4. Переведите предложения на английский язык.

+ 1. Нефтегазовая промышленность — отрасль экономики, занимающаяся добычей, переработкой, транспортировкой, складированием и продажей природных полезных ископаемых — нефти и газа, а также сопутствующих им продуктов. 2. Нефтедобыча — сложный производственный процесс, включающий в себя геологоразведку, бурение скважин и их ремонт, очистку добытой нефти. 3. Разработка месторождений нефти производится путем строительства нефтяных скважин. 4. Нефть известна человечеству с древнейших времён. 5. По составу нефть — сложная смесь углеводородов различной молекулярной массы. 6. Сырая нефть обычно не применяется, то же можно сказать и о газе. 7. После переработки нефти и природного газа получают исходное сырье для химической и топливно-энергетической промышленности. 8. Качественное бурение – основа нефтегазодобывающего бизнеса. 9. Наши специалисты владеют знаниями современных технологий бурения и имеют опыт в оптимизации подбора буровых установок. 10. В настоящее время существуют альтернативные источники энергии.