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Part A. Grammar focus

Present Simple and Present Continuous

Exercise 1. Choose a verb from the list and complete the text and put the verbs into Present Continuous.

read, sleep, eat, sail, cry, drink, run, sing, play, fish, sit

Laura 1) is sitting under a sunshade. Two boys 2) _______ round a sandcastle while their father 3) _______ a newspaper. Tom 4) _______ Coke. Two girls 5) _______ ice-cream while their mother 6) _______ along with the radio. Some boys 7) _______ football near a man who 8) _______. Jim 9) _______ On his right a baby 10) _______ Some people 11) _______ past the beach.

Exercise 2. Put the verbs in brackets into Present Simple or Present Continuous.

Chris is asking Kim about her holiday arrangements.

1. Where are you going? (go)
2. How _______ you _______ there? (get)
3. What time _______ the plane _______? (leave)
4. When _______ it _______ in Cairo? (arrive)
5. Where _______ you _______ when you get there? (stay)
6. Why _______ you _______ to go there? (want)
7. _______ you _______ a camera with you? (take)

Exercise 3. Put the verbs in brackets into Present Simple or Present Continuous.

It 1) is (be) winter and the snow 2) _______ (fall). It usually 3) _______ (snow) in January here. Betty and James 4) _______ (play) in the garden. They 5) _______ (build) a snowman and they 6) _______ (throw) snowballs. They 7) _______ (like) the snow very much! Their mother and father 8) _______ (not/like) it. They always 9) _______ (stay) in the house when it is cold. Mother usually 10) _______ (watch) TV and Father 11) _______ (listen) to the radio or 12) _______ (read) a book. At the moment they 13) _______ (sit) in the living-room. Mother 14) _______ (write) a letter and Father 15) _______ (read) a book.

Exercise 4. Fill in with Present Simple or Continuous.

Sue: What 1) are you doing (you/do) now?

Mark: I 2) _______ (look) through these old film magazines. Look, here's an old picture of Jack Nicholson.

Sue: Oh, I 3) _______ (think) he 4) _______ (look) awful! And his suit 5) _______ (not/fit) him properly.

Mark: Yes, I 6) _______ (agree). And he 7) _______ (appear) to be really angry. I wonder what he 8) _______ (think) about.

Sue: He 9) _______ (be) in that new film that's on at the Odeon now, isn't he?

Mark : Yes, I saw it last night. He 10) _______ (look) very different now. He 11) _______ (weigh) a lot more.

Sue: I 12) _______ (hope) it's a good film. I 13) _______ (see) it tonight. Stuart 14) _______ (take) me. Actually, he 15) _______ (be) very nice to me these days.

Mark : He probably 16) _______ (want) to borrow some money.

Sue: I 17) _______ (see). That explains it.

Past Simple and Present Perfect

Exercise 5. Fill in Present Simple or Present Perfect.

I 1) ’ve known (know) Timmy for a long time. We always 2) _______ (play) together. Timmy 3) _______ (not/can) read or write because he 4) _______ (never/be) to school. He 5) _______ (have) long brown hair since he was born. Не 6) _______ (live) in our house for five years. My parents 7) _______ (take) care of him while I 8 _______ (be) at school. Timmy 9) _______ (not/work); actually he 10) _______ (never/have) a

job. This 11) _______ (not/be) strange because Timmy 12) _______ (be) my dog.

Exercise 6. Put the verbs in brackets into Present Perfect or Past Simple.

Mr Briggs is away on business and he is phoning his wife to see how she is.

Mr Briggs: Hello, darling. How are you? Is everything okay?

Mrs Briggs: I'm fine. I 1) ’ve been (be) very busy since you 2) _______ (leave).

Mr Briggs: What 3) _______ (you/do) so far?

Mrs Briggs: I 4) _______ (do) the painting, I 5) _______ (mend) the bookshelf and I 6) _______ (build) a cupboard. I 7) _______ (have) my hair cut and I 8) _______ (go) to the dentist's. Oh, and yesterday I 9) _______ (speak) to a builder about the garage.

Mr Briggs: A builder? The garage? What 10) _______ (happen) to the garage?

Mrs Briggs: Well, the garage wall 11) _______ (fall down) two days ago.

Mr Briggs: WHAT?????

Mrs Briggs: I… I 12) _______ (not/finish) yet. We, well, the neighbour 13) _______ (have) a little accident. He 14) _______ (drive) into the garage wall.

Mr Briggs: Oh no! He 15) _______ (not/crash) into my new car, did he?

Mrs Briggs: No! Your car 16) _______ (be) fine. Don't worry!

Exercise 7. Put the verbs in brackets into Present Perfect or Past Simple.

Tina: What 1) _______ (you/do) last weekend?

Jane: 2) _______ (spend) the weekend in Bristol and I 3) _______.(just/return).

Tina: 4) _______ (never/be) to Bristol. What's it like?

Jane: Friends of mine 5) _______ (live) there for five years so they know some interesting, fun places.

Tina: 6) _______ you/enjoy) yourself?

Jane: Yes. It 7) _______ (be) great! I 8) _______ (not/have) such a good time for ages.

Tina: That's good. 9) _______ (you/decide) what you're doing this weekend?

Jane: 10) _______ (already/invite) my friends from Bristol to stay with me for the weekend.

Exercise 8. Put the verbs in brackets into the present perfect or the past simple.

John: I don't know where to go on holiday this year. Have you got any ideas?

Darren: 1) _______ (you/ever/be) to Spain? I 2) _______ (go) to Madrid and Barcelona last year and I really 3) _______ (enjoy) myself.

John: I 4) _______ (spend)two years in Spain while 5) _______ (be) at University. 6) _______ (never/visit) South America, though.

Darren: A friend of mine 7) _______ (work) in Brazil before. I think you 8) _______ (meet) her once. Do you remember Kate?

John: Oh, yes. She 8) _______ (love) it in Brazil. Maybe I'll talk to her about it.

The Passive

Changing from Active into Passive.

The object of the active verb becomes the subject in the new sentence.

e.g. Picasso painted that picture.

The active verb changes into a passive form and the subject of the active verb becomes the agent. The agent is introduced with by or it is omitted.

e.g. That picture was painted by Picasso.

After modal verbs (will, can, must, have to, should, may, ought to) we use be + past participle.

e.g. You can use the machine for cutting bread.

e.g. The machine can be used for cutting bread.

With verbs taking two objects it is more usual to begin the passive sentence with the person.

e.g. I sent her some roses.

e.g. She was sent some roses. (more usual) or Some roses were sent to her. (less usual)

We put the agent (= the person who does the action) into the passive sentence only if it adds information. When the agent is unknown, unimportant or obvious it is omitted. Agents such as people (in general), they, somebody etc. are omitted.

e.g. Bell invented the telephone.

e.g. The telephone was invented by Bell. (The agent is not omitted because it adds information.)

e.g. Somebody murdered him.

e.g. He was murdered (by somebody). (unknown agent is omitted.)

e.g. The police arrested him.

e.g. He was arrested (by the police). (obvious agent is omitted.)

Exercise 9. Put the verbs in brackets into Present Simple Passive.

There is a chimpanzee which 1) is called (call) "Bubbles". It 2) _______ (own) by Michael Johnson. It 3) _______ (keep) in home. It 4) _______ (feed) every day by Michael Johnson himself. It 5) _______ (always/dress) in funny clothes. It 6) _______ (say) that "Bubbles" is Michael Johnson's only friend.

Exercise 10. Turn from Active into Passive.

1. Someone has broken the crystal vase.

2. His parents have brought him up to be polite.

3. Fleming discovered penicillin.

4. They will advertise the product on television.

5. Someone is remaking that film.

Exercise 11. Turn from Active into Passive.

1. You must leave the bathroom tidy.

2. You should water this plant daily.

3. Our neighbour ought to paint the garage.

4. I have to return these books to the library.

Exercise 12. Turn from Active into Passive as in the example :

He gave me a present.

e.g. I was given a present. (more usual) / A present was given to me. (less usual)

2. The waiter will bring us the bill.

3. Bob has sold Ted a second-hand car.

4. The Queen presented him with a medal.

5. Larry is going to send a letter to Tom.

6. Her mother bought Mary some sweets.

Exercise 13. Turn from Active into Passive.

1. My friend sent me an invitation. e.g. I was sent an invitation.

2. The cleaner is going to mop the kitchen floor.

3. The farmer is building a new barn.

4. The secretary has given Mrs Jones some letters.

5. The traffic warden had already given him a ticket for illegal parking.

6. People must obey the law.

7. Someone had broken our door down.

8. They chose him as the best actor of the year.

Exercise 14. Rewrite the following passage into Passive.

Someone broke into a local jewellery shop yesterday. The owner had just locked up the shop when a robber with a gun threatened him. The robber told him to unlock the shop and give him all the diamonds in the safe. Then the robber tied him up. The police have organised a search for the robber. They hope they will find him in a few days. Doctors are treating the owner of the shop for shock.

Exercise 15. Rewrite the following passage into Passive.

My uncle painted this picture. Someone has offered him a lot of money for it. He will deliver the painting tomorrow. When they give him the money he will tell them the truth. He painted it one night while he was sleepwalking!

Part B. Subject area: "Science and technology"

Exercise 1. Topic vocabulary in contrast. Choose the correct answer.

Modern science

It seems entirely 1) _______ to us that there are teams of scientists in universities and other institutions around the world attempting to 2) _______ the way the world works. However, it hasn't been that 3) _______. Although the scientific method is now four or five hundred years old, the ancient Greeks, for example, believed that they could work out the 4) _______ of natural events just by the power of thought.

During the 17th century, more and more people began to realise that they could 5)

_______ their ideas by designing a relevant 6) _______ and seeing what happened. A lot of 7) _______ was 'in this way by individual scientists. These men and women often worked alone, carrying out 8) _______ into many different areas of science, and they often received very little 9) _______ for their hard work. At the start of the 20th century, though, it became 10) _______ that science was becoming more complicated and more expensive. The individual scientist disappeared, to be replaced by highly qualified teams of experts. Modern science was born.

A physical B natural С typical D real

A create В invent С construct D discover

A route В method C way D technique

A aims В reasons C causes D impulses

A calculate В estimate С measure D test

A experiment В research С attempt D analysis

A development В movement C progress D evolution

A research В experiment С discovery D education

A award В prize С gift D reward

A dear В true С accurate D actual

Exercise 2. Topic vocabulary in contrast. Choose the correct word.

1. Many materials have been used for artificial / false teeth, including wood.
2. Be careful! You might give yourself an electric / electronic shock!
3. I’m afraid the problem with your washing machine is the engine / motor.
4. Many employers in the chemicals industry / factory object to the new law.
5. My computing exam is taking place / occurring next week.
6. Technology is a fundamental part of new / modern life.
7. We had our car serviced and it seems there's a problem with the engine / machine.

Exercise 3. Phrasal verbs. Complete using the correct form of the words in italics.

plug turn carry narrow put work come break

1. A lorry had _______ down on the motorway and we had to wait for over an hour.
2. I have _______ it down to two computer games, but I still can't make up my mind.
3. I wish you would _______ the TV off and go outside and get some exercise.
4. Scientists are trying to _______ out ways to reduce pollution from aircraft.
5. Tomorrow, we will be _______ out an experiment to test this theory.
6. Who _______ up with the idea of the ball-point pen?
7. I’ll just _______ you through to our research department. Please hold on.
8. No wonder the vacuum cleaner isn't working. You haven't _______ it in!

Exercise 4. Phrasal verbs. Match to make sentences.

1. Alex's electricity A off because she forgot to pay the bill

was cut…

2. Wear a mask because В metals such as lead into gold.

these chemicals give…

3. I'm writing an essay С out who discovered penicillin.

and I need to find…

4. I was pleased that D on in physics over the last year.

our gamble came…

5. Alchemists spent E off fumes that can be harmful.

years trying to turn…

6. Your teacher says F off and the experiment was a success.

you've really come…

Exercise 5. Phrases and collocations. Choose the correct answer.

1) I don't think people should be allowed to perform experiments _______ animals.

A for В over С on D to

2) There was an explosion in technology _______ the beginning of the 20th century.

A in В at С through D on

3) Let's face _______ – we are destroying the environment and we need to do something now.

A truth В facts С things D information

4) The distance from the Earth to the Sun is, _______ average, about 149 million kilometres.

A by В on С from D in

5) It's amazing that creatures survive _______ the bottom of the ocean.

A in В by С at D to

6) Fox Talbot _______ the first photograph in 1835.

A gave В did С drew D took

7) Researchers have _______ to the conclusion that your personality is affected by your genes.

A come В got С reached D arrived

8) Do you mind if I just _______ a quick phone call from here?

A do В take С have D make

9) Many lives were saved _______ the introduction of antibiotics.

A into В at С with D in

10) The _______ of the nuclear accident is still unknown.

A reason В cause С base D motive

11) My father works at the university, doing research _______ weather control.

A on В to С of D from

12) The telescope will photograph distant galaxies, _______ an attempt to understand their past.

A on В for С with D in

Exercise 6. Word patterns. Find the extra word in each line.

The future

1. ___We were discussing about the future in class today. Some people were
2. ___wondering it whether we would have to live in space when we destroy
3. ___our own planet. I explained them that the answer lies in technology because
4. ___scientists are intend to develop forms of energy that will not damage the
5. ___environment. The problems caused as being a result of technology will be
6. ___solved by technology. I am look forward to our next discussion.

Exercise 7. Word patterns. Complete each second sentence using the word given so that it has a similar meaning to the first sentence. Take the similar meaning in the Word patterns section.

1) The mistake by scientists caused a massive explosion.

in                   The mistake by scientists _______ a massive explosion.

2) Dr Atherton finally succeeded in discovering the secret formula.

managed       Dr Atherton finally _______ the secret formula.

3) Another name for iron oxide is "fool's gold".

as                 Iron oxide _______ 'fool's gold'.

4) Many local residents intend to protest about the nuclear power plant.

plan              Many local residents _______ about the nuclear power plant.

5) We are thinking of appointing Dr Knight to the position of Professor.

considering We _______ the position of Professor.

6) We cannot live in outer space without special equipment.

us                 It _______ to live in outer space without special equipment.

Exercise 8. Word formation. Use the word given in capitals at the end of each line to form a word that fits in the gap in the same line.

Qualcomp Powertop

Qualcomp have just brought out their 1) _______ new                                                    REVOLUTION

Handheld computer, the Powertop. It's 2) _______ not                                                    POSSIBLE

to love it, with its smooth, shiny 3) _______ and its bright                                                APPEAR

screen. It might not be the best 4) _______ to handheld                                                  INTRODUCE

computing because it is quite advanced, but you'll find

an 5) _______ of all the features in the detailed manual.                                                 EXPLAIN

The Powertop has been 6) _______ designed to fit a lot of                                             SCIENCE

Computing power in your palm.The 7) _______ of a unique                                            INVENT

wireless Internet connection means there's a world of

8) _______ just waiting for you. We give the Powertop                                                   DISCOVER

nine out of ten.

Exercise 9. Word formation. Complete the sentences by changing the form of the word in capitals when this is necessary.

1. Did you know that George Washington had _______ (WOOD) teeth?
2. The old astronomer patiently made his _______ (OBSERVE) and wrote down what he saw.
3. _______ (RESEARCH) have announced that a major breakthrough has been made.
4. I'm planning to train as a _______ (PSYCHOLOGY) when I grow up.
5. That red _______ (BUILD) over there is the Science Department.
6. The scientist said she had an announcement of international _______ (IMPORTANT).
7. Science Weekly has a special _______ (INTRODUCE) offer – the first issue is free!
8. If there are aliens out there, do you think they are much more _______ (TECHNOLOGY) advanced than we are?