The reasons of borrowing words

International words in the vocabulary of the English languageThe reasons of borrowing wordsAll contacts between people of different countries and cultures leave a noticeable trace upon their languages, because when people communicate, they are in an interaction. The languages also interact and this leads to the fact that a certain number of words from one language enters the other one and vice versa. This process is called borrowing, when one language borrows the words from the second one. Contemporary English is a unique mixture of Germanic and Romanic elements. This mixing has resulted in the international character of the vocabulary. In the comparison with other languages English has a rather rich vocabulary. All languages are mixtures to a greater or lesser extent, but the present-day English vocabulary is unique in this respect. Through cultural contacts with Romans on the continent and through the influence of Christianity a very early layer of Latin-Greek words entered the language.
Their origin is no longer noticed by the ordinary speaker nowadays in such words: pound, mustard, school, dish, chin, cleric, cheese, devil, street, and bishop. A more radical change and profound influence upon the English vocabulary took place during the Norman Conquest. Until the XV century a great number of French words entered the language. They belong to different areas as: court, church, law, and state: virtue and religion, parliament and justice, noble and beauty, preach and honour. Many French borrowings retained their original pronunciation and stress. For example: champagne and ballet, machine and garage, separate and attitude, constitute and introduce. XVII – XVIII centuries, due to the establishing of cultural, trade relations many words were borrowed from:Italian (libretto, violin, opera), Spanish (hurricane, tomato, tobacco), Dutch (yacht, dog, landscape).The meaning of internationalismsThe expression “international lexis” is called very often in lexicology and linguistics as an “internationalism”.
The general definition of the term “internationalism” is given by I.V. Arnold, the author of the book in the English lexicology, who defines it as “words of identical origin that occur in several languages as a result of simultaneous or successive borrowings from one ultimate source”. She also emphasizes the fact that their pronunciation and orthography are similar and easy, so that the speakers and learners of the language can quickly understand and distinguish between certain languages. I.V Arnold appeals to us to pay attention to the fact that the international words must not be mixed and compared with the words of common Indo-European stock that include a sort of common fund of the European languages. She also gives some examples of the international words like allegro, andante, aria, which are connected to music. Then she mentions that there are the international words connected to certain fields of science as physics, mathematics, chemistry, biology.The other definition of the international words is given by Charles Kay Ogden, who was an English linguist, philosopher, and writer.

Список литературы:

Антрушина, Г. Б. Лексикология английского языка. English Lexicology : учебник и практикум для вузов / Г. Б. Антрушина, О. В. Афанасьева, Н. Н. Морозова. — 8-е изд., перераб. и доп. — Москва : Издательство Юрайт, 2022. — 196 с. — (Высшее образование). — ISBN 978-5-534-07119-1. — Текст : электронный // Образовательная платформа Юрайт [сайт]. — URL: https://urait.ru/Морозова Н. Н. Лексикология английского языка=Practice Makes Perfect: учебное пособие / Н.Н. Морозова. - Москва: Прометей, 2013. - 102 с. - ISBN 978-5-7042-2484-6; [Электронный ресурс]. - URL: http://biblioclub.ru/Кузнецова Э. В. Лексикология русского языка: учеб. пособие для филол. спец. ун-тов. — 2-е изд., испр. и доп. — М.: Высш. шк., 1989. — 215 с.Cambridge Dictionary – [Электронный ресурс]. – Режим доступа: https://dictionary.cambridge.orgOxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary – [Электронный ресурс]. – Режим доступа: https://www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.comNative English: лексика английского языка – [Электронный ресурс]. – Режим доступа: https://www.native-english.ru/vocabulary Онлайн-переводчик PROMT – [Электронный ресурс]. – Режим доступа: https://www.lingvolive.com/