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EXAMINATION CARD 5

1.1 Translate the text.

The politics of the United States function withing a framework of a constitutional federal republic and presidential system, whith three distict branches that share powers. These are: the U.S. Congress which forms the legiclative branch, a bicameral legislative body comprising the House of Representatives and the Senate; the executive branch which is headed by the presindetn of the United States, who serves as the country's head of state and government; and the judical branch, composed of the Supreme Court and lower federal courts, and which exercises judical power. Each of the 50 individual state governments has the power to make laws within its jurisdiction that are noot granted to the federal government the pattern of the federal constitutions but differing in details. Each have three branches: an executive branch headed  by a govemor, a legislative body, and judicial branch. At the local level, governments are found in countries or county-equivalents, and beneath them individual municipalities, townships, school districts, and special districts.

Officials are popularly elected at the federal, state and local levels, with the major exceprion being the President, who is instead elected indirectly by the people through the Electoral College. U.S. politics is dominated by two-parties, which since the American Civil War have beenn the Democratic Party and the Republican Party, other parties have run candidates.

1.2 Answer the questions.

1. How many branches of government function in the United States? What do they include?
2. How are officials elected at the federal state, and local levels?
3. Which parties dominate American politics?

1.3 Compose questions for the text.

1.4 Render the text.

1.5 True/False

1. The politics of the United States do not function within a constitutional federal republic and a presidential system with three separate branches of governmnet that share authority.

2. Each of the 30 individual state governments has the power to make laws within its jurisdiction that are not granted to the federal government and are not prohibited to the states in the U.S. Constitution.

3. Each state also has a constitution modeled on the federal constitution, but differing in detail.

4. Federal, state, and local officials are not popularly elected, except for the president, who is elected indirectly by the people through the electoral college.

5. American politics is dominated by three parties, which since the U.S. Civil War have been the Democratic Party and the Republican Party, although other parties also nominate candidates.

EXAMINATION CARD 6

1.1 Translate the text.

A serial killer is typically a person who murders three or more persons, with the murders talking place over more than a month and including a signification period of time between them. While most authorities set a threshold of three murders, others extend it to four or lessen it to two.

Psycological gratification is the  usual motive for serial killing, and many serial murders involve sexual contact with the victim. The Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) states that the motives of serial killers can include anger, thrill-seeking, financial gain, and attention seeking, and killings may be executed as such. The victims may have something in common; for example, demographic progile, appearance, gender or race. Often the FBI will focus on a particular pattern serial killers follow. Based on this pattern, this will give key clues into finding the killer along with their motives. Althoug a serial killer is a distinct classification that differs from that of a mass murderer, spree killer, or contact killer, there exist conceptual overlaps between them. Some debate exists on the specific criteria for each category, especially with regard to the distinction between spree killers and serial killers.

1.2 Answer the questions.

1. How do you define a serial killer?
2. What is psycological satisfaction?
3. Based on which schema, you can get key clues for finding the killer and his motives.

1.3 Compose questions for the text.

1.4 Render the text.

1.5 True/False

1) A serial killer is a person who has not killed three or more people, with the murders occuring over a period of more than a month and including a significant period of time between them.

2) Although most authorities set the threshokl at three murders, others expand it to ten or reduce it to two.

3) Phychological gratification is an unusual motive for serial murders, and many serial murders include sexual contact with the victim.

4) The Federal Bureau of investigation (FBI) states that serial killers' motives may include anger, thrill-seeking, financial gain and a desire for attention, and the murders may be committed in this way. The victims may have something in common, such as a demographic profile, appearance, gender or race.

5) The FBI does not focus on a particular pattenr that serial killers follow. Based on this pattern, it is possible to get key clues to find the killer and his motives.

EXAMINATION CARD 8

1.1 Translate the text.

Contract killings is a form of murder or assassination in which one party hires another party to kill a targeted person or persons. It involves an illegal agreement which includes some form of payment, monetary or otherwise. Either party may be a person, group, or organization. Contract killing has been associated with organized crime, government conspiracies, dictatorships, and vendettas. For example, in the United States, the Italian-and-Jewish-American organized crime gang Murder, Inc. committed hundreds of murders on behalf of the National Crime Syndicate during the 1930s and 40's.

Contract  killing provides the hiring party with the advantage of not having to carry out the actual killing, making it more difficult for law enforcement to connect the hirer with the murder. The likelihood that authorities  will establish that party's guilt for the commited crime, especially due to lack of forensic evidence linked to the contracting party, makes the case more difficult to attribute to the hiring party. Contract killers may exhibit serial killer traits, but are generally not classified as such because of third-party killing objectives and detached financial and emotional encentives. Nevertheless, there are ocassionally  individuals that are labeled as both  contract killers and serial killers. A contract killer is colloquially known as a hitman. Contract killers who work  for criminal organizations are often known as enforces.

1.2 Answer the questions.

1. What is contract killing? What does it involve?
2. What advantage does contract killing have for the hiring party?
3. What traits do contract killers exhibit?