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FOREIGN LANGUAGES DEPARTMENT
FINAL TEST
THE UNITED NATIONS ORGANIZATION

1. Match the words on the left to their definitions

2. Complete the sentences with one of the words below in the proper form.
 

1. The occupied territory was  ………………..  by the army.
2. Due to international efforts it became possible to avoid ………… of nuclear war.
3. International law is the body of legal rules that apply between sovereign states and other ………….  that are legally recognized as international actors.
4. The new proposal …………….   with the main principles of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights.
5. The head of the delegation emphasized that his country fulfilled their obligations under international law ……………  .
6. Recognition is a process whereby certain facts are accepted and  ………….   with a certain legal status.
7. A state is not internationally responsible if its conduct was required by a  ……….. norm of international law.
8. General principle of ………………permits international law to have some flexibility in its application and enforcement.
9. The representative of the state could prove that the measures undertaken by his government were the only means of safeguarding an essential interest of the state against …………….  peril.
10. A treaty is based on the ……………….    of the parties to it.

3. Complete the words with appropriate prefixes.

1. The statement made by the President was a(n)  ……plicit threat.
2. Many of the concepts that today   ..….pin the international legal order were established during the Roman Empire.
3. The states declared that they restore full diplomatic  …….course.
4. Limited ….memberment is one of the ways in which states may become extinct.
5. ……..paration consisits of ……..stitution ot the original situation if possible, compensation or satisfaction.
6. The state was accused of breaking the law of  …violability of foreign embassies. 
7. The government insisted that the actions undertaken by it were in ….formity with the right to self-defence.
8. Every person has a(n) …..alienable right to life and liberty.
9. The Security Council passes a resolution to ….pose economic sanctions on Iran.
10. The military conflict between two countries seemed to be ……evitable.

4. Choose the most suitable word.
1. State may become    ……………  through merger, absorption and dissolution.

a. extinct             b. mandatory         c. inevitable
2. States are liable for breaches of their obligations provided that the breach is  …………….  to the state itself .

a. enforceable        b. inextricable         c. attributable
3. The rights ………………   to states under international law imply responsibilities.

a. surrendered        b. inflicted            c. accorded
4. The concept known by the formula pacta sunt servanda  is …………..  the oldest and most important principle of international law.

a. inevitably            b. arguably            c. precisely
5. The accepted criteria of statehood were …… down in the Montevideo Convention.

a. laid                b. suppressed        c. abducted
6. The state’s consent may be done by signature, an exchange of instruments, ratification or …………..   .

a. access            b. accession            c. allegation
7. The actual practice of states covers various elements including the duration, ……. repetition and generality of a particular kind of behavior by states.

a. equity            b. consistency        c. entity
8. It is to India that we must turn for ………. formulated rules of international law.

a. allegedly            b. inextricably        c. precisely
9. Private International Law deals with ………. between private persons arising out of situations relating to more than one nation.

a. controversies        b. perils            c. allegations
10. The ancient Greek city-states contributed significantly to the evolution of the international legal system by providing basic ……….. of international law.

a. assertions        b. notions            c. assumptions

5. Decide which word from the box best fits each space.
 

Before a state can be held (1) …………….. for any action, it is necessary to prove a causal connection between the injury and an official act (2) ……………… to the state alleged to be in breach of its obligations. This has become an (3) …………… significant contemporary issue, as non-state actors such as Al Qaeda, (4) …………. corporations, and non-governmental organisations play greater international roles, and as governments privatize some traditional functions.
The state is responsible for all actions of its officials and organs, even if the organ or official is formally independent. Persons or (5) …………….….. not classified as organs of the State may still be imputable, when they are otherwise empowered to  (6)………….. elements of governmental authority, and act in that capacity in the particular instance. Persons or entities not performing public functions may equally be imputable, if they in fact acted under the direction or control of the State. Where there is a (7)……………  of normal governmental authority and control, such as in so-called "(8) ……………. states", the actions of those acting as the "government" in a de facto sense will be acts of the state. The acts of an "insurrectional or other movement that becomes the new government of an existing state or 
(9)…………….. in establishing a new state" can also be attributed to the state. This is also the case where a state acknowledges and adopts the (10)……………….  of private persons as its own.

6. Translate the sentences paying attention to Passive voice, Subjunctive Mood and Modal Verbs.

1. The place that scores highest in the coming superpower test is, beyond much doubt, China. China's economy may not keep up its dizzy growth of the past 15 years, but even something more modest — an entirely possible 5-6% a year, say — would be enough to create a serious amount of power-projection over the next quarter of a century. That means a Chinese navy which can reach out into the Pacific; an army and air force capable of quickly putting an expeditionary force on to a foreign battlefield; and an expansion of China's existing long-range nuclear armoury. China may or may not be able within this period to match the electronics of America's military command-and-control system but, even without that it will be a formidable power. 
2. Most cases that come to the European Court of Justice are about enforcing single-market rules. A famous example was the 1979 ruling which said that a product approved for sale in one country must be accepted by others. This paved the way for mutual recognition of standards to become a cornerstone of the single market. 
3. The future of EMU is shrouded in political uncertainty. The right kind of EMU would leave governments maximum sway in other aspects of policy. There is no reason in logic why a single currency should oblige governments to «harmonise» their tax or labour-market policies, for instance, and one good reason of political economy why any such thing should be opposed — namely, that harmonization enlarges the power of the state at the expense of individual freedom, whereas competition among governments (the alternative to harmonization) does the opposite. Yet many of Europe's politicians seek harmonization as an end in itself, others would accept more of it as the price for more effective action to reduce unemployment, promote competitiveness or what you have. 
4. Reviewing earlier research and drawing on new work for this book, Messrs Dollar and Pritchett establish, first, that the raw correlation between aid and growth is near zero: more aid does not mean more growth. Perhaps other factors mask an underlying link, they concede; perhaps aid is deliberately given to countries growing very slowly (creating a misleading negative correlation between aid and growth, and biasing the numbers). 
5. More of the new rich may discover philanthropy and good manners, just as the Astors did before them. But there is one difference. Much of the new pain, like much of the new wealth, is being created not by the rich but by globalisation. 
Already several politicians seem to be taking aim at the «winner-takes-all society)). It is not hard to imagine talk of supertaxes or higher trade barriers to stop the injustice. But that might turn out to be like trying to ram an iceberg. 
6. The back-to basics advocates will be surprised to learn that Japanese teachers are nothing like as authoritarian as they have assumed, and there is more learning-by-experiment and less by rote than is often claimed. 
7. Sweden, even this Mecca of equality can't reconcile the female dilemma of balancing family and career. 
A whole new employment crisis could be closing in on the European Union. The population is shrinking, in some countries drastically, and that means fewer taxpayers to keep the social safety net hanging together. 
8. The Americans are irritated by what they consider to be tax havens, some just off their coast (the Caribbean territories), perfectly placed to launder the earning of Latin American drug barons. (Drugs are thought to be the primary source of dirty money). 
9. The British, and other big countries trying to crack down on money laundering, fear that it may prove impossible. After all, as the report noted last month, no sooner has one loophole been closed than another opens. Illicit cash can be laundered through a whole variety of frauds using property, construction, insurance, stockbroking, foreign exchange, gold or jewellery. 
10. Mr. McCarthy, the Cayman's finance secretary, recently accused G7 countries of «trying to impose their political will on the less strong». Such noble concerns for human rights and for the weak might resonate more widely were it not that some offshore centres still enforce repressive social legislation, while thriving, in part, on the proceeds of crime. 
11. The banks cannot blame all their woes on outside events. There are 25 new commercial banks that eagerly sought licences when the rules were liberalised. Many lent inadvisedly, often to their business affiliates. Much of the money went into property. Other loans went straight into the stockmarket. As it slumped so more loans went into default. 
12. Spare a thought for Indonesia's bank doctors. Most of their patients became fatally ill last year, but in the interest of dignity they have to announce the deaths in instalments. 
The announcement was greeted warmly by the World Bank and the IMF, which had scolded the government for delaying it. 
13. Joseph Warren was a hero of the magnitude of Washington, Jefferson, or Lincoln. A medical doctor, he was a leader of the Sons of Liberty, a friend of Sam and John Adams, and he organized against tyranny and oppression. He conjured a sense of what a virtuous American people could do to rescue humanity from degradation at the hands of brutes and bullies. 
14. China's improved infrastructure, increased know-how and better direct trade connections to the world mean that Hong Kong's ability to command the 
situation has been diminished. 
15. Mr. Blair needs no reminding that the throw-the-rascals-out mood that gave the government its landslide had much to do with Mr. Major's broken promises of lower taxes. If Mr. Blair breaks his, he cannot expect to be forgiven. 
16. More and more Swedish women work part-time and the majority are clustered in the public sector, in lower-paying occupations like teaching and nursing. 
17. Just as the Scots throughout the 1980s lamented being governed by English politicians they had not elected, so the English — in time — may resent the Scottish say over their affairs. 
18. The US President plans to call for a new round of global trade negotiations during his State of the Union address today. The talks would target industrial tariffs, agriculture, services, intellectual property, labour rights and environmental protection. 
19. The president was to be wined, dined and entertained, but he was also expected to be confronted with demonstrations and protests. A demonstration was planned by environmental groups to protest the alleged reneging by the United States on promises to limit fallout of acid rain on Canada. 
20. The House of Representatives will begin deliberations Tuesday on a bill to increase transportation aid to cities. 
The nation's handicapped are demanding the bill include regulations requiring cities with mass transit systems to improve facilities for handicapped and disabled people. 
A bill on mass transit passed the Senate in June, and supporters are pushing for passage in the lame duck House session. They anticipate a tougher battle should the bill have to face next year's more conservative Congress.