Эссе на тему: "Essay, international Economics"

The modern world is global and the development of each individual country depends on how effectively cooperation between different countries and corporations is carried out. But since the global economy entered the economic crisis in 2008, and subsequently with the events of 2014, pressure on Russia from the international community has dramatically changed the structure of relations between the EU and Russia, as well as between Russia. But sanctions are a double-edged sword that affects both sides. The response of our country also quickly followed, where anti-sanctions measures were introduced, and relevant federal laws and regulations were adopted. Nevertheless, the sanctions pressure on the Russian Federation has significantly increased in 2022. Let's try to understand in more detail whether the sanctions are effective and how they have affected the international gas market and other production sectors.

To begin with, you still need to understand the concepts. What are sanctions? These are certain political and economic decisions that are introduced by governments and are an integral part of the country's foreign policy. As a rule, sanctions are aimed at introducing temporary or permanent restrictions to protect State interests, national security, as well as international law and preserve international peace and security by non-military means. From the point of view of the UN Charter, Chapter seven describes the mechanism for applying sanctions according to a certain mechanism, and the UN Security Council can approve sanctions. But even if the sanctions have not had the desired effect, the UN Security Council is capable of authorizing the use of force. Thus, we see that sanctions have been a part of international relations for quite some time.

The introduction of EU sanctions primarily affected high-tech areas, as well as the main export items of the Russian Federation. The pattern of international exchange of goods and services built over decades has been disrupted. EU sanctions hit the banking sector hard, and transactions could have been made, but were already blocked in the EU. Hence, different counterparties could not normally cooperate with each other. It is also important to note that the logistics of transportation has changed. All this has hit domestic producers extremely hard. But, as mentioned above, the sanctions also hit the EU. The price of energy carriers has sharply increased, which makes some of the highly expensive industries inefficient. Also, the EU was forced to sell part of the assets that were located in the Russian Federation due to the inability to continue their activities. It should be noted that the sanctions are directly related to the beginning of a "Special military Operation" to support the republics of the LDNR in eastern Ukraine. Such large-scale military operations on the territory of Europe have not been conducted for more than 25 years since the NATO bombing of Yugoslavia, so it is not surprising that the European community reacted extremely sharply to the outbreak of hostilities in the immediate vicinity of its borders. At the same time, Ukraine served as an important transit point between the EU and Russia, so the start of the Free Trade Zone caught many corporations by surprise, because it was urgently necessary to rebuild logistics routes, and this was becoming increasingly difficult to do. After all, Belarus also provided Russia with a springboard from which Russian troops entered Ukraine and, after Russia, fell under blocking sanctions. Thus, many Russian companies found themselves virtually unable to conduct any goods through this country. Thus, many manufacturing companies found themselves in an extremely difficult situation, in which it became more difficult for them to sell goods and import the necessary technologies, or even to support their business using IT solutions.

Such large industries as the automotive industry, the mining industry and many other high-tech sectors have been sanctioned. What are sanctions? These are, as a rule, prohibitive economic measures that are used by one participant in international trade in relation to another participant in order to force the latter to change its political course. Political, cultural and other figures may also be sanctioned. The Russian Federation has been living in rather difficult conditions since 2014, when well-known events related to the referendum in Crimea took place. Even then, Russia took care of creating its own payment system, which, although it did not become as popular in the world as Visa, MasterCard or the Chinese UnionPay, was still able to ensure internal security in conditions of total blocking. For industrial activity, sanctions have become an extremely difficult event.

According to Bloomberg, Europe has already lost $1 trillion due to rising energy prices, but this is only the beginning of the crisis: after the winter, it will have to replenish gas reserves with almost no supplies from Russia, which will increase competition with China.

It also follows from the statistics that the national debt ofabout half of the EU countries to GDP exceeds 60%. According to the International Energy Agency, Brussels managed to reduce gas demand by 50 billion cubic meters. m this year, but European countries may still face a deficit of 27 billion cubic meters. m in 2023. The European Commission has demanded that the storage facilities be filled by at least 45% by February 1 in order to avoid their depletion by the end of the heating season.

The main source of gas from Russia to Europe was the Nord Stream pipeline. However, at the end of September, explosions occurred on the Nord Streams. As a result, both lines of Nord Stream 1 and one line of Nord Stream 2 were damaged. Moscow called the incident an "unprecedented act of sabotage", and President Vladimir Putin blamed the " Anglo-Saxons "for this, which, in his opinion, was"profitable". The White House ruled out the involvement of NATO countries in the explosions. The Kremlin also stated that the investigation "is being adjusted a priori to assign responsibility to Russia."