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Unit 1

LAW AND VALUES

1. Read, translate the text and answer the qustions.

What effects our legal system?

Which are the principal goals of our legal system, listed in the text?

Are there any conflicts among these goals? Why?

2. Find the words given in the bolded type in the dictionary?

1) What effects our legal system? The legal system is influenced by a society's traditional ideas of right and wrong. It reflects and promotes the values of the society it serves. For example, laws against murder reflect the moral belief that killing another person is wrong.
2) Which are the principal goals of our legal system listed in the text? The principal goals of our legal system, as listed in the text, include:
a. Protecting basic human rights. b. Promoting fairness. c. Helping resolve conflicts. d. Promoting order and stability. e. Promoting desirable social and economic behavior. f. Representing the will of the majority. g. Protecting the rights of minorities.
3) Are there any conflicts among these goals? Why? Yes, there can be conflicts among these goals. For example, conflicts may arise when laws give preference to minorities. Critics argue that such laws promote reverse discrimination and racial conflict, while proponents argue that they address past discrimination and promote fairness. Achieving these goals while minimizing conflicts is challenging because laws must balance rights with responsibilities, the will of the majority with the rights of the minority, and the need for order with the need for basic human rights. Disagreements can occur among reasonable people regarding how to protect the rights of some without violating the rights of others. However, it's essential to remember that laws are intended to protect people and resolve conflicts in everyday life.

Vocabulary exercises

Exercise 1. Use the above collocations to complete the sentence.

1. He still hopes to win his claim againts _____________________ .
2. 150 workers were given _______________________ .
3. Graduates are finding it more and more difficult to find _______________ .
4. The school's ________ took responsibility for the decision.
5. The _______ can't anymore pay fees to its employees.
6. I think we can easily and safely _________ .
7. The Conservatives were the _________ at that time.
8. The CEO received a notice of _________ of its powers.
9. We were offered a $10 000 cash bonus to take a ______________ .
10. An employee won't get a ___________ if he hasn't been with this company for two years.

Exercise 2. Choose the correct word to make the sentence complete.

1. Since the 18th century, various scientific theories have been advanced / achieved / expanded to explain crime. 
2. The oldest fairy tale / story / theory, based on theology and ethics, is that criminals are perverse persons who deliberately commit crimes or who do so at the instigation of the devil or other evil spirits.
3. Some investigators still hold, however, that specific abnormalities of the brain and of the endocrine system help to / contribute to / brought to a person's inclination toward criminal activity.
4. An understanding of the way / the causes / the method of crime is still elusive, hoewever, because the interrelationship of causes is difficult to determine.
5. Experts incline / are sure / doubt to so-called multiple factor, or multiple causation theories.

Exercise 3. Translate the following words and word combinations from English into Russian:

to refer, form of behavoir, describe, consistent, law of gravity, prescriptive, speed limits, to impose, rarely, to regulate, informal rules, to accept, enforced, dealing with, to break the rules, penalty, ridicule, to refuse, custom, meaning, to establish, to relax, to protect property, function, stealing, to kidnap, to fear, necessary, opposite direction, to suppose, mouldy, absence, to rely upon, therefore, safely, comfortably, easy.

Exercise 4. Find the English equivalents for the following words and phrases:

Разнообразный, защищать собственность, описывать что-либо, жить в безопасности, критиковать кого-либо, взаимоотношения между людьми, регулироваться, неофициальные правила, отражать, несовершенные законы, рассчитывать на что-то, члены сообщества, страх быть похищенным, направлены на всех граждан, неофициальные правила, уважение частной и деловой жизни.

Exercise 5. Match left and right.

Exercose 6. Match the words from the left column with their definitions from the right column.

Exercise 7. Fill in the gaps using the necessary words from exercise 6.

1. The law ... a prison sentence of at leat five years for the crime.
2. Could you be a little more ... about what happened?
3. The defendant's opposed to the new law, as you might ...
4. The child of the wealthy industrialist was ... and held for ransom.
5. These laws are intended to help ... our natural resources.
6. Students will carry out simple laboratory ....
7. The judge ... a life sentence.

Exercise 8. Decide which sentencdes are true and which are false? Make the false sentences true:

1. The English word 'law' refers to limits upon various forms of behavior.
2. In all societies, relations between people are regu;ated by descriptive laws.
3. Customs are formal rulers of social and moral behavior.
4. The ways in which people talk, eat and drink, work, and relax together are usually called descriptive laws.
5. Order is rich with meanings.
6. Members of every community have made laws for themselves in self-protection.
7. In the absence of law you could only rely upon the law of the jungle.
8. Every country never tries to provide laws, which will help its people to live safely and comfortably.
9. The imperfect laws are better than none.

Exercise 9. Give reasons why you agree or disagree with the following statements. Discuss it with your partner, using the cliches, given below:

1. To make a long story short, ...
2. Summing it up, ....
3. So, to sum it up, ...
4. In conclusion, ...
5. To top it off, ...
6. To crown it all, ...
7. It is important to note that ...
8. What counts here is...
9. What matters here is...
10. It is vital to note that ...
11. It's important to keep in mind that ...
12. It's important to remember that ...
13. An important point is that...
14. What's worse, ...

1. The law is a set of rules that people should follow.

2. An activity is considered to be illegal if it breaks a law.

3. Police usually punish people who break the laws.

4. Culture is usually a major source of the principles behind many laws.

5. Many people tend to trust the ideas based on family and social habits.

Passive voice

Exercise 1. Complete the sentences with the present simple passive.

1. Some cases ... or even ... until another date for various reasons. (delay, put off).
2. The prosecution team ... by William Brian. (lead)
3. Law ... one of the most challenging fields. (consider)
4. Today briefs and motions ... on a computer (draft, revise and file)
5. Many intentional torts ... as both criminal and civil acts. (classify)
6. If the defendant in a civil lawsuit loses, he ... to pay the injured party monetary damages. (order)
7. Most attorneys in private practice ... by small law firms. (employ)

Exercise 2. Put the verbs in brackets into the presrnt simple active or passive.

Legal ethics ... (require) the legal professionals to be ethical. They ... (not recommend) to take part in a case involving conflicts of interest. They ... (not allow) to reveal confidential information and they ... (require) to cooperate with each other. Legal ethics ... (prescribe) advocates to make fair deals with the clients and opponents.

Exercisr 3. Turn the following questions into the passive.

1. Do lawyers draft contracts? ...
2. Do barristers cross-examine ... witnesses?
3. Do barristers or solicitors represent clients in higher court? ...
4. Does a paralegal give legal advice to a client? ...