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Section 2. VOCABULARY, READING
AND SPEAKING
Discovering connections

I. Work in pairs. Answer the following questions.
1. Can you think of factors that led to considering social work as a profession?
2. When did it become a distinct profession?
3. What was the public’s attitude to a new profession?
4. Do you know any educational institution to train people for jobs with social agencies?
5. What are the areas and settings of social work?
6. What methods do modern social workers use in their activities?

Reading
Text 1
Read the text and say how social work profession found its unique place in society.

How Was Social Work Profession Born?

Working with the needy became a distinct profession in the late 1800’s.
However, at the beginning of the 20th century some experts declared that social work was not a profession. Despite their opinion, social workers continued to work with individuals and attempt to spark social reform. Gradually, the views
of the public have changed. Social workers began to work in hospitals, with the Red Cross, and with schools. Social workers also began to work in private practice settings after World War I.
The establishment of social work in various settings as well as the development of schools of social work led the profession into a scientific and professional viewpoint. 
The New York School of Philanthropy, now the Columbia University School of Social Work, was the first educational institution to train people for jobs with social agencies. However, the term social work did not come into widespread use
until the early 1900’s. By that time, the governments of many countries had started to provide social services. Governments financed these services by tax funds.
Today, most professional social workers deal directly with the people they serve. Others work as administrators, supervisors, planners, or teachers. Paraprofessional social workers do not require full professional training. They work as assistants to professional personnel in community centres and agencies
and mental health centres. Many paraprofessional social workers have a parttime position, and others volunteer their services.
Social work has changed greatly since its early days. It is now a large-scale enterprise. And it is growing.
Today it takes place in a variety of settings in the statutory, voluntary and private sectors. The areas of work are as follows:
●● Community Children and Families Social Work;
●● People with Physical Disabilities;
●● Older People and their Carers;
●● People with Mental Health Problems;
●● Other Community Care;
●● Criminal Justice.
93 % of social workers is employed in either the health and social services or government industries. Relatively few social workers are employed in private practice offices.Modern social workers use a wide variety of methods in their activities.
Traditionally, they use three basic approaches − casework, group work, and community organization work. Casework involves direct contact between a social worker and the individuals and families being helped. Group work involves
programs in which the social worker deals with several people at the same time.
Community organization work focuses on neighbourhoods and their large groups of people. Since the mid-1900’s, social workers have increasingly combined the three basic approaches.

Reading comprehension

I. Are the following statements true or false?
1. Social work has always been a distinct profession.
2. Social work profession found its place only in the medical setting.
3. World War I changed the views of the public on social work.
4. There were established social work educational institutions only in the 20th century.
5. Today social work settings employ both professionals and volunteers.
6. Social work has not changed since the 19th century.
7. Social work today takes place in a variety of settings in the statutory,voluntary and private sectors.
8. Casework, group work, and community organization work are the basic methods used by social workers.

II. Complete the sentences using the text.
1. At the beginning of the 20th century, some professional experts declared that ____.
2. Governments finance social services by ____.
3. Paraprofessional social workers do not require ____.
4. The main areas of social work are ____.
5. Group work involves ____.
6. Community organisation work concentrates on ____.

Vocabulary focus

I. Match English and Russian equivalents.
1) mental health centres a) полная профессиональная подготовка
2) private practice settings
b) специалист без высшего образования
3) paraprofessional c) государственный сектор
4) tax funds d) неполный рабочий день

5) full professional training
e) центры психического здоровья
6) a part-time position f) куратор
7) the statutory sector g) сфера частной практики
8) supervisor h) поступления от налогов

II. Here are the definitions to the notions. Work out the notions. Words for reference: community organization work, the Red Cross, community centre, planner, community, group work, supervisor, casework, assistant.
1. A system of making a social worker responsible for particular clients on a long-term basis.
2. An international organization founded in 1864 and dedicated to the medical care of the sick or wounded in wars and natural disasters. 
3. Somebody whose job is to oversee and guide the work or activities of a group of other people.
4. Somebody whose job is to plan the development of an area.
5. Somebody who is trained to give support to a professional person such as a teacher or a doctor.
6. The public or society in general.
7. Programs in which the social worker deals with several people at the same time.
8. This method focuses on neighbourhoods and their large groups of people.
9. A building used for a range of community activities.

III. Make word combinations. Use them in the sentences of your own.
1) distinct a) social services
2) to spark b) offices
3) to provide c) social reform
4) private practice d) profession

IV. Form the following groups of derivatives. Make four sentences of your own using the words from the table.
Noun Verb Adjective
declaration
educational
requirement
supervise
voluntary
various

V. Insert the necessary preposition.
1. The Columbia University School of Social Work was the first educational institution to train people ___ jobs with social agencies.
2. ___ the beginning of the 20th century social work was not considered to be a profession.
3. After World War I, social workers began to work ___ Red Cross.
4. The development of schools of social work led the profession ___ a professional viewpoint.
5. Working with the needy became a distinct profession ___ the late 1800’s.
6. Paraprofessional social workers work ___ assistants ___ professional personnel.
7. The term social work did not come ___ widespread use until the early 1900’s.
8. Group workers deal ___ several people at the same time.
9. Community organization work focuses ___ neighbourhoods.
10. Most social workers are employed ___ the health and social services.

Text 2
Skim the text to say what the employment of social workers is going to be like
in future.

Job Outlook

Competition for social worker jobs is expected in cities, where demand for services often is highest and training programs for social workers are prevalent.
However, opportunities should be good in rural areas, which often find it difficult to attract and retain qualified staff. By specialty, job prospects may be best for those social workers with a background in gerontology and substance abuse treatment. 
Employment of social workers is expected to increase faster than the average for all occupations through 2014. The rapidly growing elderly population and the aging baby boom generation will create greater demand for health and social
services, resulting in particularly rapid job growth among gerontology social workers. Many job openings also will stem from the need to replace social workers who leave the occupation.
Employment of social workers in private social service agencies also will increase. However, agencies increasingly will restructure services and hire lower paid social and human service assistants instead of social workers. Employment
in state/national and local government agencies may grow somewhat in response to increasing needs for public welfare, family services, and child protection services; however, many of these services will be contracted out to private
agencies. Employment levels in public and private social services agencies may fluctuate, depending on need and government funding levels.

Opportunities for social workers in private practice will expand, but growth may be somewhat hindered by restrictions that managed care organizations put on mental health services. The growing popularity of employee assistance
programs is expected to spur demand for private practitioners, some of whom provide social work services to corporations on a contractual basis. However, the popularity of employee assistance programs will fluctuate with the business cycle, because businesses are not likely to offer these services during recessions.

Report Writing

I. Conduct a mini-research on potential employment spheres for social workers in Belarus. Use any source available.
II. Write a report on your research findings and share it with the rest of the group. See Appendices. 2. Writing a Report.

Text 3

Go through the text and get ready to speak according to the following items.
1. Settings that social workers are employed in.
2. Types of social workers.
3. Social workers as social welfare policies makers.

Types of Social Workers

Social workers may be employed in varied settings. Social caseworkers deal directly with the individual or the family. They work in family-service agencies, medical and psychiatric hospitals and clinics, public agencies, substance-abuse
clinics, and industrial settings. In the last two decades, there has been a trend toward professionals working in private practice rather than in the non-profit or public sector. After determining the nature of the client’s problem, the clinical
social worker tries to help the person overcome these difficulties or obtain appropriate assistance. In recent years the areas of specialization within social work have increased greatly.
The social group worker is usually concerned with planning or leading activities of large groups of persons. This type of social work is often carried out in recreation centres and in hospitals and other therapeutic settings.
Social planners are social workers who conduct research and help develop social welfare policies, frequently acting as proponents of social legislation.
Community organizers act as area-wide co-ordinators of all the programs of different agencies so as best to meet community needs for health and welfare services. They also facilitate self-help programs initiated by local common interest groups, for example, by training local leaders to analyse and solve the problems of a community. Community organizers work actively, as do other types of social workers, in community councils of social agencies and
in community-action groups. At times the role of community organizers overlaps that of the social planners.

Text 4
Read the text and speak about the main requirements to perform social work functions professionally.

Academic Program

Graduate programs in social work begin with learning the foundations of social work to ensure that all graduates have the same knowledge base upon entering the social work profession. Foundation courses focus on studying
theories, issues, and practice methods dealing with both human behaviour and the social environment. After the foundation is established, students choose a practice method and a social problem area. For example if you are interested in developing policy on pensioner’s issues, you would choose social policy (the method or the way you would like to work) and gerontology (the problem area or the population you would like to work with).
To receive a degree, fellows must take all of the courses required by the department and the university. In addition to coursework, most universities require that students take examinations, write papers, or conduct a research
project. In Social Work, students are also required to gain practical experience working in the field − also called a practicum or internship − where the knowledge gained in the classroom is integrated into supervised social work experience.
Students often do fieldwork and attend classes at the same time. Minimum education and experience necessary for a social worker in the USA is
●● Bachelor’s degree in social work from an accredited school of social work; 
●● Bachelor’s degree in a human services field from an accredited college
or university and one year directly related experience; Bachelor’s degree from an accredited college or university and two years directly related experience. 
Directly related experience is defined as human services experience in the areas of case management, assessment and referral, supportive counselling, intervention, psycho-social therapy and treatment planning.
For more advanced work and in order to work independently, a Master’s degree in social work is required. 
Degrees must be received from appropriately accredited institutions

Speaking

Work in pairs. Swap your ideas on the following statements.
1. The desire to help the indigent led to considering social work as a distinct profession. 
2. Today social work takes place only in some spheres of people’s life.
3. Social work hasn’t changed since its early days.
4. You don’t need any degree to do social work professionally.

Section 3. REVISION

Ta s k . Do the test given below to revise the material learned.
Ex. 1. Match English and Russian equivalents.
1) volunteer a) получить широкое распространение
2) the statutory sector b) искусство, мастерство
3) occupational safety c) самостоятельная профессия
4) to come into widespread use d) сфера частной практики
5) a distinct profession e) полная профессиональная подготовка
6) an expertise f) доброволец
7) a private practice setting g) профессиональная безопасность
8) full professional training h) государственный сектор

Ex. 2. Make word partnerships with the adjectives on the left and the nouns on the right.
1) basic a) viewpoint
2) professional b) approach
3) scientific c) justice
4) social d) personnel
5) criminal e) agencies

Ex. 3. Match these words and phrases on the left with their definitions on the right.
1) a casework a) a person who manages
2) a supervisor b) a person who makes plans
3) a community centre c) social work approach based on close
study of the personal histories and
circumstances of individuals and
families
4) a planner d) a building used by members of
a community for social gatherings,
educational activities, etc.
5) paraprofessional e) working as an assistant to a professional

Ex. 4. Match the words in both columns close in meaning.
1) the needy a) a manager
2) an administrator b) a locality
3) a neighbourhood c) the depraved

4) to perform d) to carry out
5) non-professional f) amateur

Ex. 5. Put an appropriate preposition in the following gaps if it is necessary.
1. ___ times the role of community organizers overlaps that of the social planners.
2. The New York School of Philanthropy was the first educational institution to train people ___ jobs with social agencies.
3. Today, most professional social workers deal directly ___ the people they serve.
4. Relatively few social workers are employed ___ private practice offices.
5. Community organization work focuses ___ neighbourhoods.
6. Paraprofessional social workers work as assistants ___ professional personnel.
7. In cities demand ___ social services often is highest.
8. Opportunities ___ social workers in private practice will expand.
9. ___ the beginning of the 20th century some people declared that social work was not a profession. 
10. The term “social work” did not come ___ widespread use until the early 1900’s.