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1. Originally traffic working was arranged by the local yardmasters. The signalmen played a considerable part in controlling the flow of traffic. The signalmen performed this important work with much skill. But, then it gradually became evident that their knowledge of the general traffic position and their influence over the flow of traffic was too localized for performing an effective control.
2. In order to simplify the problem of running trains, all railroads are divided into divisions. A division superintendent is responsible for train movement. On every railroad division there is a train dispatcher who is responsible for train movement too.
3. The most important device for railway operation is centralized traffic control or CTC. It enables the dispatcher to control both the station switches and the signals at the intermediate sidings throughout the division. The dispatcher also controls all the marshalling operations at wayside stations and there are no station operators on duty any more.
4. The CTC dispatcher sends special coded orders that operate the switches and signals at the station. So, CTC provides a high degree of safety and reduces the number of sidings. It also increases both the railway capacity and the speed of train movement. All train movements are governed by signal indications. The signals and switches are operated electrically from a large illuminated panel standing in front of the dispatcher's desk.
5. All the tracks in the controlled section are represented on this panel too. The locations of all the trains in the given section are seen on the panel. CTC saves much time. Many railways reduce the number of sidings.
6. A network of telephone lines spreading throughout the country links stations, signal boxes and marshalling yards with the traffic control offices. The staff of controllers receive reports of running trains -and keep records showing the state of traffic at any moment.
7. On entering the traffic control centre one can see the «train board» — a diagram occupying one wall showing all the running lines, sidings and yards. At desks facing the board controllers are sitting responsible for various stations into which the district is divided. Each has a desk telephone switchboard through which he can talk, or be called by numerous stations, signal boxes and sidings. He can also talk to other controllers in the same room or other offices in the building.
8. A chief controller sits in a position where he has a good view of the whole board and can watch all events on a railway.
9. The design of a passenger station depends on the kind of passenger operation it performs. If most of the passengers who pass through the station are «commuters» — that is people who live in the suburbs and work in the city — it is not necessary for the passenger station to have large waiting rooms.
10. If most of the passengers using this station are persons who come from other terminals to continue their journeys, large waiting rooms are needed. The use of electric locomotives has a large effect on the design of large passenger stations. The use of electric power makes it possible to do away with a train shed and to construct the station building right over the railway track. The platforms may be on opposite sides of the track. There may be an island platform between the tracks. The island platform is cheaper to equip than two separate platforms. The booking office is placed to the station entrance.