Контрольная работа по Английскому языку на тему: "Junction Transistors"

1. В приведенных ниже предложениях найдите местоимения и укажите их разряд (личные, указательные, притяжательные, возвратные, вопросительные, неопределенные, отрицательные, относительные, определительные). Предложения переведите.

1. Thomas J. Watson Jr. ordered all future IBM products to use transistors in their design. -

2. Although the efficiency of these cells is no more than 10 %, they provide a reliable electric power source that lasts for years on a satellite. 

3. What should one take into consideration using the ohmmeter?

4. Let us consider some cases of electron tube application. 

5. Conducting materials are by no means the only materials to play an important part in electrical engineering.  

6. Sometimes it may be difficult to differentiate between analog and digital circuits. -

7. That part of the energy stored within an atom or molecule.

8. A generator whose field-magnet winding is connected in series with or in succession to its armature.

9. Any conductor has some definite value of inductance.

 

2. Поставьте выделенные существительные во множественное число, если это возможно. Произведите все необходимые изменения. 

1. Besides, electric circuit uses different types of switches, protection devices, and meters. 

2. An important electronic technique in both analog and digital electronics involves the use of feedback.

3. The water flows into the hydroturbine runner, acts upon the runner blades and rotates the runner and the turbine shaft. 

4. This effect represents a continual transformation of electric energy into heat. 

5. The atom consists of a nucleus and a cloud of electrons. 

6. The heat developed in the electric circuit is of great practical importance.
 

3. Раскройте скобки и поставьте прилагательные в нужную степень.

1. ... particle of matter is called the atom.

2. Moving-coil instruments are ... and ..., but ...than those of moving-iron types.

3. ... insulators are oil, rubber and glass.

4.... the transistor, ... it works.

5. Environmentally and economically, the Sun is ...energy source.
 

4. Раскройте скобки, употребив нужную форму глагола (Present Simple, Past Simple, Future Simple, Present Continuous). Предложения переведите.

1. A capacitor ... electric energy provided that a voltage source is applied to it. 

2. One more advantage of microelectronics is that smaller devices ...less power. 

3. This sub-field of ICs ... the Nobel Prize in 2009. 

4. Amplitude modulation ...altering the amplitude of a sinusoidal voltage waveform by the source information, frequency modulation ... the frequency. 

5. However, if a digital electronic device is to interact with the real world, it ... always ... an analogue interface. 

6. P. Chebyshev ...the arithmometer performing multiplication and division in 1882. 

7. It is well known that in the end of the 19-th century a professor of physics in Cambridge Joseph Thompson ... the electron. 

8. The progress in semiconductor technology ...to the development of integrated circuit. 

9. In the new age of exploration the computer ... in milliseconds the problems a generations of mathematicians would need years to solve without its help.

10. The concept of automation ...rapidly, partly because the applications of automation techniques vary both within a plant or industry and also between industries. 

11. Automation generally ...the integration of machines into a self-governing system.

 

 5. Из ряда слов постройте предложения, соблюдая правила порядка слов в английском предложении.

1. microelectronic – Many – normal – design – available – equivalent – components – of –electronic – are – in – a

2. electrons – This – is – current – flow – of – the – electric

3. of – Quick – electronics – with – development – began – the – transistors – invention – of

4. industry – of – Electromagnetic – called – are – devices – relays – used – in – widely – branches – various

5. In – current – 1820 – Oerstad – magnetic – the – electric – of – discovered – effect

 

6. Поставьте нужный артикль вместо пропуска.

1....conductor connects the elements of any circuit.

2. This circuit consists of a voltage source and two resistors. ...voltage source is broken.

3. ... open and ...short are troubles in a circuit.

4. ...сells can be connected in series, in parallel and in series-parallel.

 5.... first multi-chip microprocessors were developed with multiple MOS LSI chips.

 

7. Переведите предложения на английский язык, используя времена Simple.

1. Энергия не имеет массы, поэтому не занимает пространство. 

2. Конденсатор сохранит больше энергии при высоком напряжении. -

3. Существует несколько видов интегральных схем в зависимости от их степени интеграции, технологии изготовления и вида сигнала. 

4. Электроника — это раздел физики и электротехники, который изучает взаимодействие электронов с электромагнитными полями и методы создания электронных приборов. 

5. Джек Килби изобрел интегральную схему в 1958 году.

 

8. Прочтите и письменно переведите текст.

Junction Transistors

The junction transistor was one of the first types of transistor to come into commercial use, and many thousands are now used in electronic circuits. The junction transistor is a bipolar transistor, that is it employs both p-types and n-types semiconductor regions. The junction transistor makes possible the amplification of electric power in a small solid-state device, previously possible only with vacuum tube circuits and related techniques.

The bipolar point-contact transistor was invented in December 1947 at the Bell Telephone Laboratories by John Bardeen and Walter Brattain under the direction of William Shockley. The junction version also known as the bipolar junction transistor (BJT), invented by Shockley in 1948, was for three decades the device of choice in the design of discrete and integrated circuits.

Early transistors were made from germanium, and were mainly of the p-n-p type. That is, they comprise a single crystal, which contains two p-regions and one n-region. One of the p-regions, known as an emitter, is of low resistivity material with a heavy impurity doping. The emitter is the source of charge carriers in the transistor. The central n-region is known as the base region of the transistor, and is a relatively pure semiconductor of high resistivity. The base region is the control electrode or control region of the transistor. The second p-region, known as the collector region, has a lower conductivity than the emitter region, and is the region in which the mobile charge carriers are finally collected.

With the development of silicon devices, p-n-p transistors have come into more common usage. In the n-p-n transistor, the two extreme n-regions are the emitter and collector, respectively, while the central p-region is the base region.
 

9. Измените предложения, употребив глаголы в форме Past Continuous и Future Continuous.

1. The software simultaneously repositions the transported pixels and the polygons they form to warp the emerging image.

2. Physicists sometimes explain the flow of current through a material, such as a resistor, by comparing it to water flowing through a pipe.

3. And so another computer criminal departs with just the recommendations he needs to continue his exploits elsewhere.

4. The molten steel flows through a short trough to a large ladle set below the furnace at ground level.

5. Engineers in this field design, test, build, and operate machinery of all types.
 

10. Раскройте скобки и поставьте глагол в форму Present Perfect, Past Perfect или Past Indefinite.

1. Television... as the major source from which most Americans get the news.

2. Marconi himself ... publicly ... that the signals were heard with certainty and distinctness.

3. Many of over one thousand inventions of Thomas Edison ... profoundly...the lives of nearly everyone in the world.

4. The National Ocean Service in recent years ....to increase the density of horizontal control to the extent that no location in the United States will be farther than 50 miles (80 kilometres) from a primary point.

5. Research in these fields...to the development of such key devices as transistors, integrated circuits, lasers, and optical fibres.

6. There are many variations of the ‘’iron claw’’ which Archimedes ...and ...consequently ... in order to ward off attacking ships.

7. New maths theories ...in talks by the camp fires.

8. Company executives are afraid of the bad publicity that would result if the public ...that their computer...

9. If we think how everything..., how many new things ... and how the minds of people .. so wide we ever won’t be able to understand it.

10. The Institute of Quantum Optics and Quantum Information at the University of Innsbruck ...that scientists ... the first qubite, or series of 8 qubits, using ion traps.
 

11. Раскройте скобки, употребив глагол в форме Passive Voice.

1. Transmission medium over which the signal ...

2. Practical frequency modulation (FM) transmission ... by Edwin Armstrong in 1933, who showed that it was less vulnerable to noise and static than AM.

3. Much shorter wavelengths bend or diffract very little and travel on a line of sight, so their propagation distances ... to the visual horizon.

4. Occasionally the equivalent term “aerial”... to specifically mean an elevated horizontal wire antenna.

5. TV ... at a time when Americans were becoming more affluent and more mobile.

6. They ... from Poldhu in Cornwall, and were received 3,520 kilometers away in St John’s, Newfoundland, using an aerial flown in the air by a kite.
 

12. Трансформируйте предложения из Active Voice в Passive Voice.

1. H. Hertz tested Maxwell’s theory in 1888. 

2. We know the distance from one wave crest to the next as the wavelength. 

3. We required about four minutes to transmit the entire message. 

4. Besides being used for transmitting sound and television signals, one use radio for the transmission of data in coded form. 

5. Radio signals activate various remote-control devices, including rocket and artificial satellite operations systems and automatic valves in pipelines.

6. Radio telescopes composed of very sensitive receivers and large directional antennas observe some celestial bodies and interstellar gases emit relatively strong radio waves.
 

13. Заполните пропуски модальными глаголами или их эквивалентами.

1. Advanced systems ...monitor and often correct other problems which are considered mission-critical.

2. The conversion to digital broadcasting means broadcast engineers ...now be well-versed in digital television and digital radio, in addition to analogue principles.

3. In 1900 Reginald Fessenden ...wirelessly transmit a human voice.

4. Optical fiber...be used as a medium for telecommunication and computer networking.

5. Power requirements ... be calculated and provided to power any electronic equipment being placed in the wire center.

6. Shoring ... also ...be taken into consideration for larger trenches or pits.

 

14. Переведите предложения на русский язык, обращая внимание на модальный глагол would.

1. It was expected that the circuit elements would become too small and contain too few individual atoms to be manufactured reliably. 

2. Such a substance is referred to as a semiconductor, and at the absolute zero it would be the insulator.

3. Use of FM would result in stronger stations blocking out reception of weaker stations due to FM’s capture effect.

4. A hypothetical antenna that radiates equally in all vertical as well as all horizontal angles is called an isotropic radiator however these cannot exist in practice nor would they be particularly desired. 

5. Monopoles, which are one-half the size of a dipole, are common for long-wavelength radio signals where a dipole would be impractically large.

15. Переведите предложения, определите функцию причастий.

1.Facilities had to be monitored for any fault conditions which could impair the transmitted signal or cause damage to the transmitting equipment.

2. FM stereo radio stations broadcast in stereophonic sound (stereo), transmitting two sound channels representing left and right microphones.

3. Radio waves are generated by charged particles undergoing acceleration, such as time-varying electric currents.

4. Until then wireless radiating transmitting and receiving elements were known simply as “terminals”.

5. A radio wave acts as a carrier of information-bearing signals; the information may be encoded directly on the wave by periodically interrupting its transmission.

6. Both AM and FM are analog transmission systems, that is, they process sounds into continuously varying patterns of electrical signals which resemble sound waves.