Эссе на тему: "A correct construction of the advanced study is basis"

A correct construction of the advanced study is basis not only its presentations. This is above all things important for an author, because enables already on the stage of writing to find the possible failings or define research prospects.
1. Research proposal
This section supposes the general goal of research setting and correct limitation of research area. It is for this purpose necessary general purpose to break up on separate tasks, each of which in future will be in detail exposed in process. At formulation of research purpose, and tasks it is necessary simultaneously to take into account two circumstances. At first, they must be capacious enough for research, to possess a scientific novelty; it is at the same time impossible to do the too wide range of research.
The error of most similar works consists of attempt to plug in aim at once a few directions of research. As a result, the purpose of work more frequent than all appears not exposed.
Another important aspect is determination of scopes of object and research subject. Because their correct determination also allows to differentiate necessary requirements to work. An object is a process or phenomenon, originative a problem situation and taken a researcher for a study. Object — it that is within the framework, within bounds of object. An object is that part of scientific knowledge, with which a researcher has business. The article of research is that aspect of problem, probing which, we cognize an integral object, selecting his main, most substantial signs. The article of dissertation research more frequent than all coincides with determination of his theme or very near to him.
The choice of theme of dissertation, actuality of scientific problem, is grounded in Introduction, the degree of developed of it is examined in literature.
Introduction includes questions, one of which it is possible to formulate already in a cut-in (actuality, public, scientific meaningfulness of theme; state of development of scientific problem, which is determined as a result of analysis of historiography, related to the theme of dissertation research; purpose and tasks, object and object, sources, research methodology, chronologic period), and other are formulated only in the total researches (novelty; approbation; authenticity; theoretical and practical meaningfulness, applicability of the conducted research, conclusions and generalizations, outspoken recommendations, done in him, scientific conclusions, taken away on defence).In the documents of VAK the structure of Introduction of dissertation strictly is not regulated, an author can line up him at own discretion. In our view, the most logical structure of Introduction looks so.
1. Actuality of theme for science and practice.
2. The state of development of scientific problem is an analysis of historiography of theme of dissertation research.
3. Research purpose.
4. Tasks are researches, effluent from his purpose.
5. Object and research object.
6. Research sources.
7. Chronologic period.
8. Methodology.
9. Research novelty.
10. Approbation of research (presentation of his results on scientific symposiums, discussion on a department, publication).
11 Authenticity.
12 Scientific, theoretical meaningfulness.
13. Practical meaningfulness, applicability of the conducted research, conclusions and generalizations, outspoken recommendations, done in him.
14. Scientific conclusions, taken away on defence.
2. Literature review
A candidate for a degree must look over and study all types of sources, relating to the probed scientific problem. Foremost it is documents, statistics, and periodicals. Certainly, interest presents and other great deal. For example, wonderful istochnikovyy material is in archives and dossier of releases of magazines, newspapers, televisional studios.
A researcher must persistently seize the art of search of literature, laboriously to form lists, create the annotated card index on literature, periodicals, and documents. Probably, a reasonable researcher will lead the thickest notebook for bibliography on interesting issue, and not only on it; it is necessary to take into account all literature, publications in periodicals, to which some time there will be a necessity to appeal, literally.
It is possible to use bibliographic cards in these aims, including own production. A «guide-book», allowing finding a necessary book, article, must be exhaust in any case; a document on different signs is the last names of author, to the subject et cetera.
Bibliographic pointers develop libraries. It is possible to make an effort get also to the libraries of the specialized scientific institutes, where often there is literature that is not present in central and regional libraries, and reports, on scientific researches of their employees. Bibliography is simply perfectly executed by the Parliamentary center, which, by the way, it is possible to order by e-mail.
Thematic bibliographic editions contain information about appearing documents, books, articles and information about that, where they can be found. Bibliographic pointers consist of list of bibliographic descriptions without lemmatas and abstracts.
The lists of sources and literature, placed in dissertations, especially protected lately, present a substantial value. It is necessary maximally to use these works of predecessors for the further study of scientific problem. It is necessary attentively to look over a scientific vehicle in monographs, collections, and other literature.
It is necessary absolutely to conform to the rule – immediately to design any extract from documents, literature, i.e. exactly and it is correct to design footnotes (scientific vehicle) on in-use information, facts, and other extractions. It is impossible to hope on the memory. Passes a bit time, it is necessary finally to design work, and the searches of sources that begin here, it would seem, used quite recently.
The study of scientific literature requires the thoughtful piece of work with a pencil in hands and conducted on the stages: acquaintance with work on the whole; consecutive or selective reading; extraction of being of interest materials; their critical estimation, writing on their basis of fragment of text for dissertation. It is important to teach itself to that it is necessary at once to process the extracted material, comprehend and go along, to the receipt of new knowledge.
In paginal footnotes and in the list of sources and literature description of source must be given in that language, on what he was read by a researcher. However, it is simultaneously necessary to give translating of the names of foreign literature into the Russian language. The reader of dissertation and especially opponent must present, what editions a candidate for a degree alludes to.
3. Coded interviews
Collection of actual material for master's degree dissertation is carried out, as a rule; in the process of research, practice is the responsible stage of preparation of work. Its quality, objectivity of conclusions in a great deal will depend on that, as far as correctly and full neat and analyzed actual material, allowing to expose conformities to law, basic progress of the probed phenomenon trends, his logical intercommunications and value.
Analytical part must include description and analysis of subject domain, grounding actuality of theme of dissertation. It is necessary to describe existent normative documents, methods and methods, computer programs and technologies on the subject of dissertation, to expose their failings and ground the necessity of their perfection.
For implementation of dissertation, it is necessary to both perfect existent methods and methods of research, new decisions within the framework of existent processes, new or existent information technology.
Collection of actual material - one of the most responsible stages of preparation of master's degree dissertation. From that, as far as correctly and actual material is full collected, the timely and high-quality writing of work depends in a great deal. Therefore, before to begin collection of material, to magistrates it is jointly necessary carefully to think over with a scientific leader, what exactly actual material is needed for dissertation.The collected material must be appraised from point of his authenticity and sufficientness for preparation of master's degree dissertation. Since studied and systematized the literature selected on the topic, and collected and treated actual material, some changes are possible in formulation of theme, adjustment of primary variant of plan of dissertation.
Mentioned facts and digital material must be reliable. In process to magistrate, it is necessary to expound the basic tendencies of the studied processes, support them the most typical examples, if necessary – by digital calculations. Systematization, analysis and treatment of actual materials, suppose the use in process of tables, diagrams, charts, charts, which not only assist evidentness but also convincing to expose essence of the probed phenomena.
Sociological researches got wide development in our country. Perhaps, there is not such branch of social science, which would not speak to information of such researches. There is not a necessity to talk about importance of sociological researches, will mark that they allow to get only, so to say, «human material», response of man on events and phenomena life.
At an address to sociological researches, it is utterly necessary to take into account their sufficientness, as far as they give the objective picture of the studied problem. A presently not unimportant value has and that, who, what organization conducts research, because the sociological questioning is conducted by numerous organizations - state, public, non-state, department.
One of sources is interviewing. To such questioning scientists come running in an order to collect the personal opinion of people on most difficult, to the not end decided questions.
Interview as a source requires attentive attitude toward the estimation of authenticity, objectivity.
4. Discussion of findings
Department / department, where dissertation is executed the account of work of candidate for a degree conducts, periodically takes away on a discussion the lectures of competitor about motion of work, or the specially created commission or separate scientist look over the produced material (as a rule, on chapters) and give a report about his state. An author is utter interested in such done early discussions, because is reprimanded and advices in the process of prosecution of dissertation.
Material which preparation and writing dissertation is built on must be exact, reliable, grounded and to lean against the results of the conducted scientific research. Scientific character of dissertation supposes also accordance author conception to the theoretical conclusions and results of experimental researches.
Must optimum be and selection actual, presented in dissertation, material (examples, information et cetera). Thus, even on "friendly" advice aspiration to bring a great number over of different facts as examples can prevent easy defense of dissertation. The author of dissertation is required to find and express in dissertation work the deep understanding described them scientific theories, to rotin to what conclusions he came because of processing of information.
Processing of data is a complex of procedures, directed on transformation and generalization of information of sociological research. Usually to O.D. take procedures of verification and code of the filled inventory, including the skipped values; entry of data in a computer; verifications and corrections of the entered information; recoding and transformations of variables; verifications of sufficientness of selection and, as far as a necessity, its weighing; simple procedures of statistical analysis of data are a construction of frequencies and tables of attended of treatment of information - complex of procedures, directed on transformation and generalization of information of sociological research.On the step of the preparatory processing of data verification, encoding and numeration of questionnaires, is done. At verification of information of questionnaires, turn the attention on belonging of respondent to the general aggregate, plenitude of filling of questionnaire.
To the ordinary errors of filling of inventory, the presence of a few answers behaves wherein only one was foreseen, presence of not legitimate admissions, logical errors. To encoding, at first, the opened questions and skipped values are subject. In difficult cases for the opened questions special codifikators is developed. At the code of the skipped values on principle to know reason of absence of answer.
Main pre-conditions can be put in order on the degree of legitimity: 1) a question does not behave to respondent («structural admission»); 2) respondent does not consider question, does not know an answer or does not have the folded presentation; 3) respondent renounces to answer a question, parries a question; 4) an answer is not present on unknown reason. It is necessary to consider the first three types of admissions legal. The structural skipped values usually eliminate from the analysis of conformable question.
5. Reaction Paper
As you read the article or book, jot down your feelings about it. Ask yourself whether you agree or disagree and why you agree or disagree. Note down any thoughts about your own experiences that might apply to the materials or about anything you might have read or heard that applies to the materials. Does the author include any evidence to support the writer’s position or statements?
Examine the notes and answers generated by this process. Find a common theme within these notes and write a thesis statement based upon this theme. Determine what points within the evidence will support your thesis. These points will become the primary issues for your reaction paper. Identify supporting examples and quotations from the materials that will demonstrate and develop each of these points. Make sure the last sentence of each support paragraph leads fluidly into the next support paragraph.
It is necessary to remember, reaction papers have to answer the question “how do you feel about what you just read?” Your thesis should state how you feel and why, leading into the supporting paragraphs. You do not have to agree with the author, but you should be able to identify why you feel the way you do.
Without a doubt, every writer that works for us knows how to write a reaction paper. Many of them are activists or academic professionals who have routinely been called upon to give their reactions to articles, news events and developments within their fields of expertise. Combined with their talents in research and writing, this experience gives them a unique ability to address the issues involved in the preparation of reaction papers.
The abstract of thesis consists of three parts:
1) introduction with all his attributes (actuality of theme, degree of its scientific developed, purpose and tasks, methodology, object and object, base of sources, novelty, authenticity, approbation, practical meaningfulness of research);
2) abstract presentation of chapters (sections) of dissertation;
3) list of the published labours of candidate for a degree on the topic of research.
Thus the first part of abstract of thesis is an enough volume, is fully based on introduction of dissertation. An insignificant over of sources is brought in the abstract of thesis, but them it must be so much, that a reader presented in-use in dissertation sources evidently.
In the abstract of thesis must be a research novelty is maximally exactly certain. Such words and expressions, as «exposed», «in theory grounded», «experimentally tested» does not yet prove the novelty of research and conclusions. It is necessary to understand that in any advanced study, including in dissertation, something becomes known, grounded, checked up. It is important to specify that is concretely exposed, grounded – herein and there is a novelty of the presented research.
In the abstract of thesis, sure, there must be an estimation of development of problem predecessors, but only in a general plan. Maybe, it is needed on occasion not to give Refs.s on works, urgent in historiography part. It is necessary to proportion the volume of historiography part of abstract of thesis with presentation of maintenance of research chapters. It turns out quite often, that historiography part predominates in the abstract of thesis, carrying formal character frequently.
About the tailpiece of abstract of thesis it should be said especially. Often limited to such phrase: «In durance vile an author does generalizations, expounds conclusions, offers recommendations». We already talked about importance of conclusion of dissertation, it is therefore necessary to take as many as possible place for exposition of conclusions, generalizations, recommendations. The results got during research must appear in the abstract of thesis in detail, full, they are itemized sometimes.
Regulating a competitor is not necessary, but it is possible, coming from experience, to specify an optimum volume – in candidate's dissertations it 1–1,5 pages, in a doctor are 2–3 pages. In the abstracts of thesis, a different volume is taken conclusions. In the conclusions of dissertations, the more so in the abstracts of thesis, where their essence is passed, there must not be examples, facts, Refs.s on sources.