Передача национальной специфики в переводе

Оглавление
Introduction 2
Language realities 4
Classification of language realities 7
Linguistic lacunae 9
Language lacunae classification 12
Conclusion 16
bibliography 18

Introduction

The linguistic process, called translation studies, is an interdisciplinary science that takes into account the processes and phenomena occurring in cultural studies and sociolinguistics. By translation, we mean the conversion of a message in the source language into a message in the target language. From this it follows that with the communication of different cultures, the process of information exchange takes place in all aspects of human activity, and primarily at the language level. Language peculiarities are a novelty for our own society, they are an intellectual mechanism that provides an opportunity to learn a different culture, worldview of representatives of other cultures through language. Translation has an important sociocultural component, which in turn is one of the important objectives of translation training. This concerns, first of all, information, the study of which occurs through the analysis of linguistic realities.
In this paper, we consider the features of the translation of English-speaking realities into Russian.
The problem of the national specifics of thinking is now widely discussed in various aspects. As mentioned above, the language, being closely connected with the life of society, reflects its social, economic and political life. As society develops, the language is enriched with new concepts, terms, and every single social system has its own development features, which immediately affect the lexical composition of the language. When comparing the vocabulary of several languages, you can find gaps in the semantics of one of the languages. These spaces are called lexical lacunae and appear as a result of the lack of an equivalent word in a word of another language. It is also known that the lacunae do not have a single definition, and moreover, in the specialized literature one can come across various terms denoting this complex phenomenon: “unequal connection” (Barkhudarov, Vereshchagin, Kostomarov); “Reality” (Kabakchi); "Lacuna" (Hale) and others.
The topic “Features of the translation of English-speaking realities into Russian” is relevant, because at present the problem of an accessible and understandable understanding of people of different nationalities acquires a special meaning. Today, not only practical knowledge of the vocabulary of a foreign language, but also an understanding of the specifics of national cultures, features of a “different” surrounding reality in all contexts where the natural world plays an important role becomes an important condition for the full-fledged social functioning of a person.
The purpose of this work is to study the peculiarities of the translation of English-speaking realities into Russian.
Language realitiesSince the basic concept in our work is the concept of “reality”, it is necessary to deal in detail with its definition. Let's start with the analysis of the concept. There is a priority in this problem. Before talking about linguistic realities, one should give primacy to cultural realities. “Realities are the names inherent in certain nations and peoples, as well as objects of material culture, facts of history, state institutions, names of national and folklore heroes” [5].
Translation of realities is a problem of the transfer of national and historical color and originality.
The word "realia" itself is a Latin adjective of the average gender of the plural (realis, -e, plural realia - real, real), translated (in Russian and Bulgarian) under the influence of similar lexical categories into a feminine noun. According to the definitions in dictionaries, this is “every object of material culture”, “there are various factors in grammar, such as the state structure of a given country, the history and culture of a given people, and their language contacts, etc. from the point of view of their reflection in this language "[13, p. 8-10].
Consequently, according to dictionary definitions, realia are “objects of material culture”.
We now turn to language realities. Realities are “units of the national language, denoting unique referents characteristic of this linguistic culture and absent in the compared linguocultural community” [31, p. 25].
Realities are words and phrases that call objects characteristic of life, life, culture, and the historical development of one people and are alien to another, being carriers of a national-historical flavor. The term “realia” is more commonly used to denote all words marked nationally, regardless of which national reality and language they represent [23]. Consequently, realities are carriers of the historical and cultural linguistic component; translators should remember this.
Realities are “... extremely specific concepts and definitions peculiar exclusively to one, separately considered people, language group, ethnic minority” [17, p.139]. The realities of one people are not found in the language of another people, and are unique in their own way in a different language form. The category of reality includes many proverbs, sayings, idiomatic expressions, idioms, words and phrases denoting the features of a people, phenomena and objects that are not found in other ethnic groups.
Concepts that reflect the realities are of a national character, and refer to the non-equivalent vocabulary that EM. Vereshchagin and V.G. Kostomarov is defined as “words that are used to express concepts that are absent in another culture language, words that belong to private cultural elements, and also words that have no equivalents in other languages ​​that they do not belong to” [10].
Socio-cultural information that is specific to a particular nation or nationality, as reflected in the language of a given national community. Vs Vinogradov calls the background information. It includes historical facts, features of the state system and geographical environment, characteristic objects of material culture and folklore concepts - all this is called reality in the translation theory [12].
The problem of “elimination of lacunae of various types” is associated with the problem of translating lexical units with national marking - this is the essence of linguistic realities. From the standpoint of translation studies and linguistic studies, the realities have been the most widely studied. In terms of terminology, there is a distinction between “reality-object” and “reality-word”. In linguistic literature, the term “realia” is used both in the meaning of the word-reality, and as a subject-reality, as well as to designate an element of the vocabulary of a particular language.
Comparative linguistic study of realities defines words denoting phenomena or objects related to the culture, history, economy, or life of the country of the language being studied, which differ partially or completely from the lexical concepts and words of the language being compared.
In linguistic studies there are several types of realities. Among them are onomastic realities: (toponyms) geographic realities, anthroponyms (names of historical figures, personalities), titles of literature and history, historical facts, etc. Also, here are the realities denoted by the appeal vocabulary: geographical terms, terms related to political structure , terms of military affairs and others. [10].
The researcher has country-oriented vocabulary GD Tomakhin, who studied the comparison of the American version of the English and Russian languages ​​and cultures, has terms: "denotative realities" and "connotative realities." "Denotative realities are the facts of the language, denoting phenomena and objects that are characteristic of a particular culture and do not have correspondences in the compared culture." “Connotative realities are opposite to denotative realities and designate objects that are not different from similar objects of compared cultures, but received additional values ​​in this culture, based on cultural-historical associations relating only to this culture” [30].
S. Florin and S.Vlakhov define their own reality: “... a special category of means of expression, including phrases and words that call objects characteristic of life, culture, life and history of one people and alien to another people” [14 , pp. 8-12].
As for the grammatical definiteness of reality, according to S. Florin, S. Vlakhov: “. In most cases, reality is the name
nouns, and this is natural, since on the basis of the definitions discussed above, realities are often referred to as objects and phenomena, and the adjectives are also considered as realities, the meaning of which is directly related to the meaning of realities ”[14, p.8-12].
Having examined the concept of “linguistic realities”, we found out that in linguistic science there are different approaches to the interpretation of this concept and concluded that E.М. Vereshchagin and V.G. Kostomarov give the most accurate interpretation of the concept: "reality". EAT. Vereshchagin and V.G. Kostomarov believes that "... concepts reflecting realities are national in nature and refer to non-equivalent vocabulary, which is defined as" words that serve to express concepts that are not in another culture language, words that belong to private cultural elements, and also words that have no equivalents in other languages ​​to which they do not belong. ”
Classification of language realitiesConsider some of the classifications of realities, first of all analyze the objective classification of realities:
Subject division.
“Geographical realities”:
- The names of objects of physical geography, also meteorology, namely: steppe, prairie, tornado, tsunami, trade wind;
- names of geographical objects related to human activity: Krieg, polder, grid, Yazovir, Yaryk;
- names of endemics: sequoia, snowman, yeti, kangaroo, sugar flying possum, etc.
"Ethnographic realities":
a) Life:
- food, drinks and others: soup, pasties, spaghetti, mate, bistro, hamam, koumiss;
- clothing (including shoes, hats, etc.): burqa, kimono, sari, sarong, toga, mittens, high fur boots, sandals, sombreros;
- housing, furniture, dishes, etc .: hut, igloo, wigwam, bungalow, upper room, maiden, stove; amphora;
- transport: cab, troika, narta, catamaran, coachman, musher, cabman, gondolier;
- Others: sakvy, shag, fragrant sticks, rest home, voucher
b) Labor:
- working people: foreman, farmer, foremost, drummer, concierge, janitor, groom;
- tools: machete, boomerang lasso, boleadoras;
- labor organization (including household, etc.): collective farm, ranch, latifundia, central board, agricultural complex, guild; lapaz, kerkhan;
c) Art and culture:
- music and dancing: lezginka, tarantella, horo, ratshenitsa, Khorumi, chorale, blues, konfu, reel, hali-gali;
- musical instruments, etc .: balalaika, gusli, banjo, gamelan, shamisen, serge, and khura;
- folklore: saga, epic, rune, kasydy, bayati, ditties; knight, hero;
- theater: mystery, harlequin, columbine, parsley, casper;
- performers: minnesinger, troubadour, skald, kobzar, bard; buffoon, geisha, hetera, oyama;
- holidays, games: May Day, Victory Day, Holi, Jatra, chalk, Easter, Thanksgiving, Lapta, towns, cricket, tarok; gorodnik, pitcher;
- mythology: goblin, Father Frost, troll, Guria, sododa, talasy, ghoul, elf, gnome, Baba Yaga, Werewolf, carpet-plane, fire-bird.
d) Ethnic concepts (Cossack, Goth, Cockney, Yankee, etc.);
e) measures and money (pound, franc, yard, sazhen, ruble, penny, peso, etc.)
"Social and political realities":
a) administrative-territorial units (mahala, aul, hamlet, village, region, province, okoliya, vilayet, state, hamlet, etc.);
b) authorities and carriers of power (Duma, Rada, Executive Committee, Municipality, Chancellor, Tsar, Pharaoh, Kmet, Kabaka, etc.);
c) social and political life (Bolsheviks, Gez, partisans, red banner, etc.)
d) “military realities” (horde, phalanx, legia, musket, ram, Finn, kolchega, helmet, chekmen, есаsaul, chieftain, etc.) [15, p.50].
There is also a temporary division in the realia classification:- Modern realities, which are used in some language groups, and which also denote certain concepts that exist at this time.- Historical realities that denote concepts characteristic of the past of certain social groups [12].Having considered the local division of realities, we realized that within the perimeter of one language, one can consider one’s own and other’s realities, which are subdivided into national, known to all the inhabitants of a given state and to all the people; microlocal, i.e. characteristic of a particular area; local, belonging to the same dialect. From the point of view of two languages, realities are also divided into external ones that will be alien to two speakers, for example, “samurai” for Russian and English; realities alien to one language and their own to another.Studying the classification of linguistic realities, we came to the conclusion that realities have an objective classification, namely: subject, local, time division, and all this contains a huge number of varieties of realities, and all of them are a reflection of the national specifics of any language.Linguistic lacunaeThe Russian word “lacuna” in French (lacune - emptiness, breach) goes back to the diminutive form lacuna from the Latin word lacus - (lake, hollow), rooted in Proto-Indo-European language, which had a lexical basis (lak - water). As a term, the word “lacuna” is used in a number of professional fields. In each of them, this term has its own meaning: 1) botany (a breakthrough in the stem, filled with regenerative tissue); 2) anatomy (small tubular cavity, fossa); 3) physiology (lymph-filled space between the tissues); 4) shipbuilding (the distance between adjacent beams of the ship's hull); 5) psychology (failure in memory or consciousness); 6) librarianship (gap in the acquisition, the lack of a book). Lacuna is a concept that fixes the national and cultural specifics of the languages and cultures being compared. Lacunas signal the specifics of a linguocultural community from different angles: they characterize the specifics of realities, processes, and states that contradict the usual experience of a carrier of a language or culture [3, p.22-26]. The concept of “lacuna” was interpreted simply as a gap, the absence of the required unit or form in a speech syntagm (text lacuna), or a systemic (mainly morphological) paradigm (language lacuna). Gaps in the text may be caused by interference in the communication channel (whether it is a mechanical damage to a written document or noise, in the perception of oral speech), censorship bills, or the author’s defects in the draft of the work.Gaps in the paradigm are caused by the incongruity of the virtual form (I find myself from finding myself), its cumbersomeness (should have been), the threat of homonymous collision (I will run from winning), and other reasons. These reasons were established by due order, in addition, the missing units and forms were reconstructed. Lacunas were considered to be an intra-lingual phenomenon and rather the exception than the rule in the language system, which did not raise acute questions [9].
To streamline terminology when considering discrepancies in languages ​​and cultures at different levels, the term “lacuna” is used to analyze the discrepancies and fix the national and cultural specifics of the contacting languages ​​and cultures. In the most general understanding, a lacuna is a discrepancy that arises when comparing conceptual, linguistic, emotional, and other categories of two or more linguocultural communities. Lacuna occurs when the “codes” of cultures or languages ​​are not interdependent [19].
In the structures of everyday life, lacunae constantly arise as “situations of misunderstanding”, “situations of incorrect translation” during the interaction of different ethnic groups and cultures. At the interpersonal level, lacunae are the result of interpersonal communication and are due to the difference in personal knowledge, lexical and etymological richness of memory [18].
Lacunas detected when comparing languages ​​or units within a language are called linguistic, or linguistic: they detect discrepancies (voids, gaps, spaces, gaps) between units of comparable languages ​​(interlanguage lacunas) or units (real and potential) within a single language (intralanguage lacunae) [23]. Linguistic lacunae implies the absence of not only lexical, but also grammatical means in one of the languages, if they exist in the other.
In linguistic lacunae, there are relative, vector and stylistic lacunae. “Relative linguistic lacunae are distinguished when comparing the frequency of using words with a common meaning in two languages. They exist at the level of speech and commonality of concepts expressed by the compared words> ... <Vector linguistic lacunae are revealed when comparing two languages ​​and are characterized primarily by orientation (lacuna for Russian> ... <Stylistic lacunae are distinguished by the lack of languages ​​of a word (or a phraseological unit) that has the same stylistic coloring as a word with the identical meaning of another language ”[6].
Lacunas can be not only intercultural or interlingual (arising in the process of intercultural communication), but also intracultural (intralanguage). They can be perceived by the recipient as something strange, requiring interpretation (explicit lacunae) or remain for him in the “dead zone” (implicit lacunae).
Lacunas may also vary in power or depth: confrontational (powerful, deep lacunae) and contrasting (weak, shallow).From the point of view of Z. D. Popova and I. A. Sternin, “la Lacuna is the absence of a unit in one language when it is available in another” [32, p.19-20]. Lacunas are systematized and subdivided by these linguists on several other grounds as well:
by system-language affiliation
(interlingual and intralingual), according to extra-linguistic conditionality
(motivated and unmotivated), according to paradigmatic characteristic
Having considered the concept of “language lacunae”, we concluded that in linguistic science there are different approaches to interpreting the concept of “lacunae” and concluded that, in the most general sense, a lacuna is a mismatch that arises when comparing conceptual, linguistic, emotional and other categories two or more linguocultural communities. Lacuna occurs when the “codes” of cultures or languages ​​are not interdependent.Thus, we studied the concepts of "lacuna" and "language lacuna" and came to the following conclusions:1. Lacunas in their most general understanding fix what is in one local culture and what is not in another.2. In the lacunae, important for the people concepts, realities, situations, assessments, qualities and categories are actualized, which, by and large, are understandable for other people, but they did not receive a verbal expression in their language due to the peculiarities of the people's world outlook, and cases of redundancy of these concepts and phenomena in the framework of practical activity in other geoclimatic and socio-cultural conditions.3. The language lacuna is a state arising in intercultural communication, which determines the difference and non-contact of cultural and linguistic communities.Language lacunae classificationAmong language lacunae distinguish lexical, stylistic and grammatical. Consider in detail these varieties.
“Lexical lacunae” is a type of lacunae that is associated with the lack of the ability of speakers of a given language to express, in a separate word or phrase, a concept that is lexically fixed in another language, for example: in Russian (24 hours) in English (24 hours), Russian (dozen) - in English (dozen), in Russian (boiling water) - in English (boiling water) [2].
Lexical lacunae are absolute and relative. “Absolute lexical lacunae are sememes that have not been found in native speakers (in a monolingual situation) of a socially fixed expression, i.e. the absence of a word to denote a real object, a real objective situation, any phenomenon, process, action, although potentially such units could well exist in the lexical system of a given language ”[14]. For example, there is no lexeme in the language to designate a person who speaks the truth, while a person who speaks untruth can be called a liar, a liar, a deceiver, a scoop, etc. Similarly, they are not marked in the lexical and phraseological system of such concepts as speaking beautifully. delicately polite; speak at a slow pace; talk about important things or problems; say to the place in a timely manner; say smart things "[9, p.287 - 292].
“Relative lexical lacunae are words that have a similar meaning, but excellent attribution in two languages.” We have a relative lacuna when the compared language has a correspondence to the word of the source language, but it differs from it in its usage and frequency ”[16]. Highlighted when comparing the frequency of use of words with a common meaning in two languages. Thus, this type of lacunae exists at the level of speech with common concepts expressed in comparative words.
To identify relative lacunae, a comparative statistical calculation of the use in speech of two languages ​​of certain words is necessary. In some cases, however, indirect linguistic evidence of the weak use of a word in one of the languages ​​as compared with others, according to V.L. Muravyova, there may be the following facts:
1. “The word does not form or forms a small number of phraseological units in one of the languages and is a favorite semantic core in the other.
2. The word has no portable meanings in one of the languages and is reinterpreted in another.
3. The word is characterized by weak derivation in one language and forms numerous derivatives in another ”[24].
The stylistic lacunae are distinguished on the basis of the absence in one of the languages ​​(or phraseological units), exactly the same stylistic coloring as the word with the identical meaning of the other language. There are four main types of stylistic coloring:
• subject-emotional-evaluative stylistic coloring;
• situational-emotional-evaluative stylistic coloring (in the form of a book, conversational and neutral, or, respectively, in the form of elevated, reduced or neutral);
• subject-shaped stylistic coloring;
• situational-shaped (in the form of scientific, official business, publicistic, artistic, poetic, everyday and everyday stylistic coloring).
“The stylistic component is the stylistic structure of a word, which is a collection of colors of different types and types that carry additional information to the denotative component of the word and indicate the scope, function, situational and territorial use of a specific lexical unit.” All stylistic features and information contained in the stylistic component of a word are reflected in dictionaries with the help of corresponding markers ”[27].
Grammar lacunae appear as a consequence of the absence of certain syntactic constructions and grammatical categories and means in one language when they are present in another, and are also characterized by the peculiarity of the method of transmitting one or another grammatical meaning. A striking example of the grammatical lacunae for the English language is the absence of the grammatical category of the case in nouns, the genus in adjectives, the type in verbs, the meanings of one-pointedness or the different directions in verbs of motion. In addition, pronouns-correlative syntactic constructions with allied words forming stable pairs appear to be lacunae: then ... what; so ... what; then when; where; those ... than (for example, he overcame the fact that the other would be afraid to overcome), etc., since in English there is no analogue for them.
Another example of the grammatical lacuna is also the “opposition to the value of compensation”. In the Russian language there is a syntactic structure of a complex sentence with a union, but which also has no equivalent in the English language. Therefore, proposals like "I did not read the play, but I watched its production in the theater" or "I did not buy anything, but I visited the museum." Making an assumption about the connection of the syntactic construction with the national peculiarities of the Russian character, you can probably explain it with the usual desire to justify, compensate for the lack or absence of the subject, quality or action in consciousness so as not to change the situation [28].
Studying the classification of language lacunae, we came to the conclusion that the language lacunae may be may have subspecies: lexical, grammatical and stylistic. All of them, one way or another, are a reflection of the national identity of any language. The conditions of the socio-political, socio-economic, cultural life and lifestyle of the people, the peculiarity of their worldview, psychology, traditions determine the emergence of images and concepts that are fundamentally absent in speakers of other languages. Lacunas, more than any other phenomenon, characterize the peculiarities of a given language in comparison with another.
ConclusionHaving examined the concept of “linguistic realities”, we found out that in linguistic science there are different approaches to the interpretation of this concept and concluded that E.М. Vereshchagin and V.G. Kostomarov gives the most accurate interpretation of the concept, treating realities as words that serve to express concepts that are not in another culture language, words that belong to particular cultural elements, as well as words that do not have equivalents in other languages ​​that they do not belong to. Concepts that reflect the realities are of a national character, and refer to non-equivalent vocabulary.
Realities are words and phrases that call objects, objects, phenomena characteristic of life, culture, life, social and historical development of one people and little known or completely unknown to another people, expressing national and temporal coloring, and not having exact correspondences in another language requiring precise translation and special treatment.
It is the transfer of this color when translating from one language to another, is the main problem of the translator, when translating the realities in the text.
Having studied the concepts of “lacuna” and “linguistic lacuna”, we arrived at the main conclusion that important concepts, realities, situations, assessments, qualities and categories that, by and large, are understandable for other people, are also actualized in the gaps. they did not receive verbal expression in its language due to the peculiarities of the people's world outlook, and in some cases, the redundancy of these concepts and phenomena within the framework of practical activity in other geoclimatic and sociocultural conditions.
The reality and the lacuna are part of the source text, therefore their correct transfer to the translated text is an important condition for the correct and adequate translation. The conditions are different and special in every nation’s life, namely: socio-political, social
economic, cultural life and way of life of the people, the originality of its worldview, traditions, which gave rise to the emergence of images and concepts that exist in native speakers of one language, but not in native speakers of other languages. Realities, as well as lacunae, are connected with the life, history and culture of the people.
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