Молекулярно - генетическое методы исследования желчекамменной болезни

ВВЕДЕНИЕ

Желчнокаменная болезнь (ЖКБ) является одной из самых распространенных «болезней благополучия». По мнению В.Х. Василенко, это плата за долгую и счастливую жизнь. В Европе при проведении ультразвуковых исследований холелитиаз выявляют у 9–21 % населения, а заболеваемость составляет 0,63 случая на 100 человек в год. Многие камни в желчном пузыре не проявляются, но более чем у 40% пациентов старше 40 лет возникают симптомы и тяжелые осложнения, требующие лапароскопической холецистэктомии. 

В недавнем исследовании, проведенном в Германии, самый высокий уровень распространенности желчных камней наблюдался у женщин в возрасте от 70 до 79 лет: 57% имели либо холецистэктомию в анамнезе, либо текущие сонографические признаки желчных камней. Распространенность желчнокаменной болезни еще выше в большинстве латиноамериканских популяций Центральной и Южной Америки, а также среди латиноамериканцев индейского происхождения. Коренные жители Северной и Южной Америки представляют собой группы наибольшего риска в мире. В этих популяциях желчнокаменная болезнь появляется в более раннем возрасте, достигая показателей распространенности в возрасте 50 лет более 50% и 70% у мужчин и женщин соответственно. 

Таким образом, обобщая все вышесказанное можно сделать вывод о том, что за последние десятилетия в мире наблюдается тенденция увеличения заболеваемости ЖКБ, выявленной как путем ультразвуковых исследований, так и аутопсий, что может быть связано с изменением стереотипа питания и пандемией ожирения.

В целом, желчнокаменная болезнь представляет собой серьезное бремя для системы здравоохранения: по оценкам, ежегодно в США выполняется около 700 000 холецистэктомий, более 190 000 в Германии и более 40 000 в Чили.

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